Calculation of the percentage of technical requirements from the purchase cost of materials

Calculation of the purchase price of goods sold

Opinion 2. I.M. Kiryushina, tax consultant An organization applying the simplified tax system with the object of taxation “income minus expenses” has the right to take into account when determining the tax base for a single tax the expenses specified in paragraph 1 of Art. 346.16 Tax Code of the Russian Federation. This list is exhaustive. Expenses not included in it do not reduce the tax base for the single tax.

Expenses accepted for tax purposes include, in particular, expenses for paying the cost of goods purchased for further sale (reduced by the amount of VAT), as well as those associated with the acquisition and sale of these goods, incl. for storage, maintenance and transportation of goods (clause 23, clause 1, article 346.16 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

The cost of purchased goods is included in expenses as they are sold (clause 2, clause 2, article 346.17 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

According to paragraph 1 of Art. 39 of the Code, the sale of goods is recognized as the transfer of ownership of them by one person to another, carried out on a reimbursable basis (and in cases provided for by the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, also on a gratuitous basis).

Consequently, the cost of purchased goods is written off as expenses on the later of two dates: payment of goods to the supplier or sale of them to the buyer . The date of sale is understood as the moment of transfer of ownership of goods from the seller to the buyer, as provided for in the contract.

Most often, the parties indicate in the contract that the goods are considered sold on the date of their shipment. In this case, there is no need to wait for receipt of payment from the buyer for the goods sold for the purpose of recognizing expenses.

Problem: Among legal entities that apply the simplified taxation system , there are many trade organizations for which the purchase price of goods is one of the main elements of costs.

Therefore, as an object of taxation, they most often choose
income reduced by the amount of expenses .
Chapter 26. 2 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation establishes the features of recognizing expenses for paying the cost of goods acquired for further sale (hereinafter referred to as goods).

Calculation of tax on the simplified tax system including in expenses the cost of purchased goods for sale

• at the cost of a unit of goods (each product is valued at its actual cost);
• at average cost. Calculate the average cost for each type of goods by dividing the total cost of goods of this type by their sold quantity;
• FIFO method. Goods sold first are valued at the cost of the first acquisitions. In this case, it is necessary to take into account the cost of goods listed at the beginning of the period. If the number of goods in the first batch is less than what was actually sold, then the cost of goods from the second batch is taken for calculation, etc.;
• LIFO method. Goods sold first are valued at the cost of the most recent acquisitions. In this case, it is necessary to take into account the cost of inventories listed at the beginning of the period. If the number of goods in the last batch is less than what was actually sold, then the cost of goods from the penultimate batch is taken for calculation, etc.

The single tax should be calculated in the same manner if an advance payment has been received from the buyer for the upcoming delivery of goods.

At the time of receipt of the advance, the seller includes its amount in income. However, he will be able to write off the purchase price of the goods only after the ownership of them has transferred to the buyer. This is the interpretation of the provisions of subparagraph 2 of paragraph 2 of Article 346.

17 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation allows you to take into account the purchase price of goods for those organizations that, at the time of receipt of advances, paid a single tax on income, and by the time the goods were sold, they changed the object of taxation and began to pay a single tax on the difference between income and expenses.

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How to write off the cost of purchased goods purchased for resale using the simplified tax system

Chapter 26.2 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation establishes its own rules for recognizing such costs (subclause 23, clause 1, article 346.16, subclause 2, clause 2, article 346.17 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). Therefore, when writing off the cost of purchased goods, you do not need to be guided by the provisions of Article 268 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation (clause 2 of Article 346.16 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

Estimate the cost of purchased goods at the actual price of their acquisition (subclause 23, clause 1, article 346.16 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). Distribute the costs associated with the purchase of goods among the appropriate cost items that are provided for firms using the simplification. For example, include intermediary fees as expenses in accordance with subparagraph 24 of paragraph 1 of Article 346.16 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.

How to use the simplified tax system to write off the cost of purchased goods purchased for resale

An example of reflecting in the book of income and expenses the purchase price of goods sold, payment for which is received in installments. The organization applies a simplification and pays a single tax on the difference between income and expenses. Sold goods are valued at the cost of a unit of goods

In June, Hermes purchased from a foreign supplier and sold to a Russian organization a consignment of goods worth $5,000. Under the purchase and sale agreement, ownership of the goods passes to the Russian buyer on the day of delivery. The contract price of goods is 150,000 rubles.

Accounting for the write-off of goods when applying the simplified tax system

Source: https://urist-yslugi.ru/bez-rubriki/raschet-pokupnoj-stoimosti-realizovannyh-tovarov-usn

Calculation of the price of purchased goods for resale example

In this case, direct costs are reimbursed through marginal profit - the difference between sales income and the amount of variable costs: Price = (Variable costs + Markup) / Quantity of goods.

Example 2 The calculation will be similar to the price calculation in the first case, it’s just that all fixed costs will turn into a markup: (1,200,000 + 12,000,000) / 400 = 39,600 rubles.

The inconvenience of the method is that if the expected sales volumes are not met, the marginal profit, and then the amount for reimbursement of direct costs, is reduced.

Method for determining a competitive price You can set a higher price compared to the price of a similar product from competitors if you can prove that your product is better, more functional, more convenient, etc. If there are no special differences from similar products, then the price should be the same, or even lower, in order to gain a place in the market.

Calculation of prices in trade

Is the product truly one of a kind? What will be the reaction of competitors? After all, they may reduce the price to knock you out of the market, or they will offer additional services, or they will also launch a new product that is no worse, or even better, than yours.

How will inflation and the amount of tax deductions affect the price? You also need to know how prices are formed in general for the industry to which your production belongs. In this case, it is easy only for intermediary sellers.

They take goods at one price, increase their margin and sell further. And we will figure out what we should do with the price of the new product. Important Having calculated all costs (fixed and variable), we determined that our product should at least cost 30,000 rubles. This is the lower price limit.

Let's draw a demand curve (Fig. 1), taking into account that the more expensive a product is, the fewer people will buy it. Rice. 1.

Methods for calculating the price of a new product

A—E, G. In subsequent months (Table 6), you will need to fill in the data in columns G, A—E (for goods purchased in the current month), A, D, E (for goods purchased in previous months). Moreover, for old goods the values ​​of columns D, E are equal to “0”, for new goods - the values ​​of columns B, C.

The remaining cells will be filled in automatically. Let's look at what formulas we used. Column F “Total quantity of goods”: =B4+D4. To the quantity of goods not sold in the previous month we add the quantity of goods purchased in the current month.

Using a formula, we determine how many products from each batch are sold. Since we use FIFO, then, accordingly, we start counting from batch 1.

How to calculate the cost of goods in a retail store

The organization applies a simplified tax system and pays a single tax on the difference between income and expenses. Hermes Trading Company LLC applies a simplified tax system and pays a single tax on the difference between income and expenses. In June, Hermes purchased from a foreign supplier and sold to a Russian organization a consignment of goods worth $5,000.

USA. Under the purchase and sale agreement, ownership of the goods passes to the Russian buyer on the day of delivery. The contract price of goods is 150,000 rubles. The goods were shipped on June 10. Attention By this time the goods have been fully paid to the foreign supplier. Payment for goods in the amount of 150,000 rubles. received from a Russian buyer on June 17.

The conventional US dollar exchange rate was: – as of June 10 – 27.70 rubles/USD. The cost of goods, converted into rubles on the date of sale, amounted to 138,500 rubles.

(5000 USD × 27.70 rubles/USD).

How to calculate the cost of goods in trade

The Hermes accountant reflected the revenue, the purchase price of goods sold and the amount of “input” VAT in the book of income and expenses in February, April, May and June.

In addition to goods purchased during the period of application of the simplified tax regime, organizations of the Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol, which were re-registered under Russian legislation, can take into account other goods when calculating the single tax.

Namely, goods purchased for resale in those periods when information about the organization had not yet been entered into the Unified State Register of Legal Entities. But for this the following conditions must be met:

• the organization applies a simplified taxation system with the object of taxation “income minus expenses”;

• Previously, the cost of goods was not taken into account for tax purposes (incl.

The procedure for determining the purchase price of goods

A number of difficulties may arise here, for example, the volume of the goods market as a whole is easier to calculate than the services market. It is also much easier to estimate the size of a market or a particular sector as a whole than the size of the market for an individual product or (especially) service; in this case, you will most likely have to resort to indirect assessment methods. 3

You need to present the resulting “raw” data in the form of several important indicators. The first is, in the assessment, the total volume of the market in a given time interval, the dynamics of its changes over two or three previous time intervals and the forecast (trend) for the next one.

The second is the distribution of the total volume between territories (as a rule, the shares of large cities in the total volume are shown), their dynamics and trends. The third indicator is the distribution of market volume between the leading players (and, accordingly, how their shares have changed in the past, what is the forecast).

How to calculate the minimum acceptable selling price

Note! This method is usually used when searching for a contractor to perform work or services or when placing a profitable order among several applicants. This method is used to distribute government orders and orders from large companies around the world.

The disadvantage of this method is not only dirty fuss and bribery of workers who have the necessary information before the start of the tender, but also the possibility of obtaining execution of an order at a low level of quality.

The well-known principle is that the cheaper it is, the lower the quality.

I can give you an example from my work: at work, the employees responsible for this held a tender and purchased very cheap paper for printers and copiers.

Basic: we calculate the cost of goods sold

You should always take into account that a person who believes that he is worth a certain amount will not buy a cheap product, for example the same watch or shoes, because the price of a product is also information about his welfare and solvency.

With rare exceptions, the more expensive the product, the better quality and more prestigious it is. In most cases, a buyer buys, for example, a cell phone or a car not because the old one has broken down, but because the prestige of the thing has fallen over time.

To maintain prestige, the buyer is ready to purchase a product that he may not really need. Let's summarize: the price can only be predicted; calculations can only confirm or shake our assumptions.

And the better the seller is at “guessing” the right price, the more successful his position in the market will be. Pricing is not science, not psychology, pricing is mysticism and fantasy.

This amount is transferred to cell F4 of the register given in table. 3. And finally, we calculate the balance of goods at the end of the month: 1) count the quantity (B11): =B7–B9; 2) we have already calculated the average price, therefore (C11): =B8; 3) we calculate the cost at the end of the month (D11): =B11*C11.

Source: https://redtailer.ru/kalkulyatsiya-tseny-na-priobretennyj-tovar-dlya-pereprodazhi-primer/

Expenses for payment of the cost of purchased goods

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• Landlord on the “profitable” simplified tax system: how to take into account the payment of utilities by tenants, No. 14
• USNO: calculating the cost of goods sold, No. 12
• We return advances to the simplified tax system and reduce income, No. 12
• Answers to “special regime” riddles, No. 11
• An Uneasy Partnership of Simplists, No. 5
• Simplified accounting: simple recipes, No. 4
• Refund of last year's advance: reducing income under the simplified tax system, No. 4
• Simplified: about painful issues..., No. 3
• The simplifier transfers the building to the only participant - what is more profitable?, No. 3
• Simplification was wrongfully used: is it possible to avoid additional charges and fines?, No. 3
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• “Simplified” tax for 2012, No. 2
• Is a simplifier entitled to deduct VAT on exports for the “general regime” period, No. 1
• 2012

The purchase price of goods is

Purchase price of goods As is known, trade is a type of business activity associated with the purchase and sale of goods and the provision of services to customers.

The object of trade is a product whose selling price in any trading company consists of two elements: its acquisition price (purchase value) and a trade markup that provides the trading company with reimbursement of costs and profit.

Goods can be supplied to a trade organization in various ways: purchased under sales and exchange agreements, contributed by the founders to the authorized capital of the company, transferred to the organization free of charge, and so on.

However, regardless of their method of receipt, goods are accepted for registration by a trade organization on the basis of primary accounting documents on the day they are accepted in accordance with the actual quantity and amount.

Purchase price of goods

Example 3 Let’s assume that retail trade organization “A” (UTI payer) purchased a batch of lamps in the amount of 20 pieces, the contract price of which is 18,880 rubles, including VAT - 2,880 rubles. The accounting policy of organization “A” stipulates that goods are accounted for at sales prices; the sale price of one lamp is 1,200 rubles.

In the accounting of organization “A”, transactions for the purchase of goods are reflected as follows: Debit 41-2 Credit 60 - 18,880 rubles - the contractual cost of the goods is reflected; Debit 41-2 Credit 42 - 5,120 rubles - reflects the amount of markup on lamps accepted for accounting. As already noted, in addition to accounting, trade organizations are also required to maintain tax accounting, the procedure for which is established in Chapter 25 “Organizational Income Tax.” The specifics of determining expenses when selling goods are established in Article 268 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.

Receipt of goods from the supplier

When determining the selling price of a product, the accountant of a trade organization first, in a general manner, determines its actual cost, and then, with the amount of the trade margin reflected in the credit of account 42 “Trade margin” in correspondence with the debit of account 41 “Goods,” “brings” the purchase price of the product to its selling price. At the same time, the actual costs associated with the purchase of goods do not affect the value of the trade margin - it is set as a percentage of the already formed cost of the goods.

Attention: If an organization is a VAT payer, then when forming the sales price of a product, the accountant must take into account the amount of tax that the trading organization will have to pay to the budget on the sale of this product. Let us remind you that in accordance with paragraph 6 of Article 168 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, when selling goods to the public at retail prices, the corresponding amount of tax is included in the sale price of the goods.

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Note that the costs associated with the purchase of goods do not affect the value of the trade margin (it is determined as a percentage of the cost of goods formed on account 41 “Goods”).

In accordance with the Chart of Accounts, account 41 “Goods”, subaccount 2 “Goods in retail trade” is intended for accounting for goods in retail trade; the same subaccount takes into account the presence and movement of glassware (bottles, cans, etc.).

Important In accordance with the norms of accounting legislation, any business transaction must be documented in a primary document.

To reflect the trade margin in accounting, such a document is a register of retail prices, which indicates the size of the trade margin and, accordingly, determines the selling price for the entire range of goods sold at retail. The register of retail prices is approved by the head of the trade organization.

The price of the product

The retail price method is used in retail trade by adding a certain margin to the purchase price of goods, which in Russian conditions is called a trade margin. [12] Organizations engaged in trading activities reflect under this item the purchase price of goods, the proceeds from the sale of which are reflected in this reporting period.

[13] As a result, account No. 48 after these entries will reflect the purchase price of the goods. The credit balance on account No. 48 will show the gross income from sales, which is accumulated in this account until the end of the year. At the end of the year, the amount of gross income determined on account No. 48 is written off to account No. 99 Profit and loss.

Account No. 48 should not have a balance at the end of the year.

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Since, when determining it, only the purchase price of the goods was excluded from revenue without taking into account a number of subsequent costs of the previously materialized pile, which are included in monetary form in the circulation costs of trade and increase the purchase price of the goods (transportation costs, rent, wear and tear of low-value inventory, expenses and losses on packaging , loss of goods within established norms, etc.), this, in turn, led to the fact that the distribution of gross income in trade does not correspond to what is generally accepted for this economic category. In trade, gross income is used to cover distribution costs and generate profits.

[10] Trade margin is measured as a percentage of the realized trade margin to the purchase price of the goods, and the estimated trade margin is measured as a percentage of turnover.

Determination of the purchase and initial (book) cost of goods

STS 8% - PN - 1% (PF)? (i.e. the cost includes: rent, salary, communication services, social security fund 34%, Belgosstrakh, etc. I want to draw the moderator’s attention to this message because: A notification is being sent...

#6[262411] January 24, 2011, 5:12 pm

PN 1% is withheld from the wages of hired persons. It is not taken into account at all. The purchase price of services is included in cost.

After all, purchased services are services provided by third-party organizations (communication services, delivery of goods, advertising services, etc.) Cost (in your example) = all expenses - simplified tax system. If you keep records in the income book, then this is revenue - UAH 10 - USN.

I want to draw the moderator's attention to this message, because: A notification is being sent... #7[262438] January 24, 2011, 5:38 pm The thing is that gr 10 was not filled out..(I just came to the company and am trying to figure it out..

In this case, the actual cost of the goods will be 201,000 rubles. It should be recalled that the actual cost of goods formed upon acceptance for accounting cannot be changed in the future, the only exceptions being cases established by the legislation of the Russian Federation, this is directly indicated in paragraph 12 of PBU 5/01.

Trading practice shows that the costs associated with the purchase of goods cannot always be documented at the time the goods are accepted into the warehouse of a trading company. For example, documents for the transportation of goods or from an intermediary may arrive at the organization later than the goods themselves.

The purchase price of goods sold is

The trade markup for the assortment of remaining goods can be determined at the end of the month in the following order: 1) materially responsible persons draw up an inventory of remaining goods (balance sheet) in physical (or in physical or value) terms; 2) the accountant puts a markup on each item of goods; 3) the amount of markups on the balance of goods is determined.

Source: https://territoria-prava.ru/pokupnaya-stoimost-tovarov-eto/

Assessment method Cost of goods sold (rubles) As a percentage of the cost of goods sold at average prices [p.116] Estimation of the cost of goods sold [p.130] The
output of organizations in the industries under consideration is measured by the amount of realized overlay (gross income), which is the difference between the cost goods sold, valued at sales and purchase prices (less value added tax, excise tax and sales tax and including subsidies on products). The realized overlay is equal to the sum of trade margins included by trading and procurement organizations in the selling prices of goods, and is used to cover distribution costs and generate profits. [p.245]

Thus, in the debit of account No. 48, subaccount 1, the cost of goods sold will be recorded, assessed at retail prices (by debit) and the proceeds received from the sale of goods (by credit), also assessed at retail prices. At the end of the month, a trade discount on goods sold is calculated using one of two methods, based on the average percentage of trade discount or on the range of goods determined from inventory data. [p.408]

Thus, with different valuation methods, different costs of goods sold are obtained (lower with the FIFO method and higher with the LIFO method), and therefore different valuations of inventory. [p.116]

Financial performance accounts are used to determine the financial results of business activities. These accounts are sometimes called comparable accounts in accounting theory, since the results of economic activity are identified by comparing two estimates of accounting objects. For example, to identify the result from the sale of products or goods, the full cost of products sold is compared with its cost at wholesale (sales) prices or the purchase and sales costs of goods sold. [p.121]

Synthetic accounting of retail sales of goods is maintained on account 46 Sales. It is used both to determine retail turnover and to identify gross sales income. Its credit reflects the cost of goods sold at sales prices, and its debit reflects their purchase price. Meanwhile, in order to calculate the purchase price of goods sold, it is necessary to calculate the trade markups related to them, and this is performed only at the end of the month. Therefore, during the month, accounting in account 46 Sales is carried out by debit and credit in the same valuation - at retail prices. [p.475]

An important task of accounting for the sale of goods is to determine the cost at which they are written off from the balance sheet of a trading organization. In retail enterprises whose accounting policy provides for the valuation of goods in accounting at sales (retail) prices, problems in determining the purchase price of goods sold do not arise. The fact is that the credit of account 90 reflects the proceeds from the sale of goods (naturally, at sales prices), the amount for which these goods should be written off. [p.74]

If goods are valued in accounting at purchase price, then they must be written off at the same valuation. Thus, when writing off sales of goods, you need to know their purchase price. If a product is always bought at the same price, then the purchase price is determined by multiplying the quantity of goods sold in physical terms by its purchase price. When using the batch accounting method, the purchase price of goods sold is determined for each batch. [p.306]

The amount of the trade margin on goods sold, in turn, is determined as the product of the sales (retail value) of goods sold by the average percentage of the trade margin, which is determined by dividing the sum of the balance of trade margins at the beginning of the month and trade margins for the month by the amount of the sale (retail) value of the balance goods at the beginning of the month and the sales (retail) value of goods received in the reporting month. This method can be used by enterprises if other methods of inventory valuation are not justified. In other words, there is no need to apply the average percentage of trade markup if the accounting records of a retail enterprise allow for the recording of trade markups directly for each unit of goods sold [p.47]

The fact is that in order to obtain discrepancies between estimated and actual data, it is not at all necessary to evaluate objects at standard cost. It is enough just to have normative data in order to make a comparison between them when the actual data is received. This means that the assessment of existing objects at standard cost is to a certain extent meaningless. But this cannot be said about objects that do not yet exist. We know exactly at what price a particular product was actually sold, we can compare the selling price with the one for which it was expected to be sold, but we cannot determine the actual selling price of a product that has not yet been sold. The selling price of such a product can only be established tentatively, i.e. Goods can only be valued at their standard selling price and nothing else. In other words, the sale value of unsold goods is presumptive in nature for the reason that the fact of sale has not yet been completed. We argued much the same thing with respect to salvage value and replacement cost. [p.224]

When selling property, the taxpayer has the right to reduce income from such transactions by the cost of the property sold. Article 268 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation establishes the specifics of determining expenses when selling purchased goods; income in this case is reduced by the cost of acquiring these goods, determined in accordance with the accounting policy adopted by the organization for tax purposes using one of the following methods for valuing purchased goods [p.106]

Line 2 shows the cost of producing goods sold, which is approximately 33% of sales revenue. Costs are determined by estimating the average cost of labor, raw materials and packaging per case of product. [p.400]

When considering economic efficiency (E), it is methodologically difficult to reliably determine the value of the surplus product obtained as a result of the implementation of a specific SD, i.e. its market value. SD implemented in the form of information is not directly expressed in the material form of a product, service or knowledge, but creates conditions for them. A positive economic effect from sustainable development is savings, a negative one is a loss. A number of methods are known for measuring (more precisely, assessing) Ee, among which [p.240] is most often used

It is not difficult to compare two options for receiving a direct response and choose the most suitable one; it is much more difficult to calculate the economic efficiency of the campaign. Of course, you should start by calculating breakeven. If the cost of a direct marketing campaign is 50 thousand, and the profit margin on goods sold is 50%, then in order for the event to be considered successful, additional sales in excess of 100 thousand are necessary. But this method of analysis based on marginal indicators does not allow obtaining an accurate assessment. [p.342]

The volume of standard-net production is one of the main indicators used to evaluate the economic activities of associations and enterprises and approved in five-year plans for economic and social development with the distribution of tasks over the years of the five-year plan. This indicator, unlike commercial products, does not take into account the cost of raw materials, supplies, components, fuel, electricity and depreciation in the price of goods sold. [p.89]

Consequences of errors in determining and assessing inventories. The main problem in dividing goods ready for sale into sold and unsold is the issue of attributing costs to unsold products, i.e. to ending inventories. This, in turn, allows us to determine the cost of goods sold, since -if any part of the cost [p.158]

If the average cost is taken as 100 percent, then the ratio of valuation of goods sold using the three methods given will be as follows [p.116]

Thus, differences in the assessment of the cost of raw materials and supplies released into production, as well as goods sold, may arise in the event of a discrepancy [p.69]

Gross output (GO) of goods and services represents the total value of goods and services resulting from the production activities of resident units in the reporting period. Output is estimated based on data from the cost of goods sold and changes in finished goods inventories and the value of work in progress. The basic principle for assessing the market output of goods and services is the use of market prices prevailing in the period to which production relates. The change in inventories of finished goods and work in progress is defined as the difference between receipts into inventories and withdrawals from them, assessed at prices in effect at the time of their receipt and withdrawal. [p.26]

Determining the cost of goods sold - after calculating sales volumes, the company can begin to forecast the cost of producing goods or providing services. Estimates are usually made based on the assumption that the cost of goods sold is a certain proportion of the cost of total sales. This is a completely acceptable assumption, since some fixed costs, such as depreciation, have already been taken into account, and as sales volumes increase, only variable costs will increase. It is most convenient to calculate the cost of goods sold by separating fixed costs, and calculate variable costs as a certain percentage of revenue. [p.418]

Inventories are an integral part of the company's current assets, which, in turn, reflects part of the inventories and costs, since investments in fixed assets, capital construction in progress, and contractors' debt for capital work are reflected in section 1 of the balance sheet Non-current assets. When analyzing inventories (if necessary when assessing the business potential and quality of the client’s management), it is necessary to take into account the content of the order (regulation) on the accounting policy of the enterprise. This is due to the fact that different inventory valuation methods can be adopted FIFO (first in, first out), LIFO (last in, first out) and average cost. These provisions must be taken into account when calculating coverage (liquidity) ratios, pay attention to line 216 Goods shipped, which reflects the selling price when selling products for shipment and the actual cost - with the cash method of accounting for products sold. [p.143]

The equality of the two approaches to assessing national production is due (as will be shown below) to the dual determination of the market value of all goods and services produced by summing up all expenses for the acquisition of final products (gross national product) or by summing up all income received from the production of a given volume of goods and services . At the same time, there is equality of expenses and income as two sides of the same transaction for the sale and purchase of goods and services purchased by consumers and sold by producers. As a result, a balance of the main indicators in the national accounting system is achieved. [p.15]

These include the five main elements of the U.P.P. 1) methods for calculating depreciation of fixed assets 2) methods for calculating depreciation of intangible assets and methods for repaying the cost of other assets 3) methods for valuing inventories 4) grouping and inclusion of costs in the cost of goods sold (work, services) 5) methods for determining revenue from sales of products ( goods, works, services) for tax purposes and other methods that meet the requirements given in clause 3.1 of the Accounting Regulations Accounting Policy of the Enterprise. [p.351]

Finished products and goods for resale are the cost of finished products in an estimate derived from the procedure for calculating the cost of goods sold, usually in the amount of actual production costs. [p.416]

Another, simplified method for calculating the actual cost, permitted by the USSR Ministry of Finance, is used, which consists in the fact that during the year a conditional assessment of the balances of goods shipped and products sold is allowed, based on the average percentage calculated from the ratio of the actual cost of shipped products to their cost in wholesale prices . Example [p.345]

The amount of deviations of the actual production cost from the standard production cost of goods sold is determined by the ratio of the amount of deviations attributable to finished products, work, services (payment for shipment) or goods shipped (revenue for payment), increased by the amount of deviations taken into account in the total account balance finished products or goods shipped at the beginning of the current month, to the cost of finished products (or goods shipped) at the standard production cost of the current month, taking into account their balance (on account 40 or 45) at the beginning of the current month in the same estimate, the percentage thus obtained (preferably for each homogeneous group of products, and not for the account as a whole 45) is multiplied by the standard production cost of goods sold. The calculated amount of deviations is added outside the system (without accounting entries) to the standard production cost of sold products (works, services), as a result, the actual production cost of sold products, works, services is determined (the calculation is drawn up in statement No. 16 (or in RT-14) or in corresponding printout). [p.298]

Money acts as a measure of the abstract, societies, labor. Every commodity, a product of private labor, being exchanged for money, receives social recognition. The labor spent on its production is recognized as social labor. Under these conditions, relationships between people take the form of relationships between things, and things acquire social properties, properties, and that circle of phenomena arises, which K. Marx called commodity fetishism. The unity of the two opposite sides of labor is achieved through the regulatory activities of the market, which directs the costs of private labor towards the satisfaction of society and needs. This regulatory influence is ensured by the mechanism of action of the value of the law, expressing the connection between production and circulation in the conditions of simple commodity production. Thanks to the clash of interests in the market, the commodity producer as sellers and as buyers spontaneously solves the problem of determining what and in what quantities to produce. On the other hand, only those needs are realized that have formed as social needs and correspond to the currently achieved production capacity and the capabilities of society. In the course of solving this problem, labor costs of varying complexity, intensity and productivity are equated, the value of socially necessary labor costs is formed, which imparts certainty to the value of quantities. The participation of a commodity producer in the process of society and production is ensured by the production of market values ​​determined in society, in turn, the implementation of these values ​​in the sphere of exchange opens access to the consumption of a set of goods necessary for its existence as an independent owner. Thus, labor dept. The commodity producer, having received qualities and quantities, societies, evaluation, is again reproduced as private labor. In these specific historical under the conditions of societies, labor is unable to shed its private form, and therefore the contradiction of the product of labor as value and as use value cannot be eliminated. [p.396]

The replenishment of cash at the enterprise depends on the turnover of inventories. An assessment of inventory turnover is carried out for each type of inventory (inventory inventory, finished projection, goods, etc.) - Since industrial inventories are accounted for at the cost of their procurement (purchase), to calculate the inventory turnover ratio, not sales revenue is used, but the cost of sales products. To estimate the rate of inventory turnover, the formula is used [p.607]

Statistical estimates are most often confused with accounting ones, which in practice leads to serious errors, because the goals of both are completely different. However, statistical methods of assessment exist not only and not even so much next to accounting ones, but also widely penetrate into the latter. Every time, instead of directly registering a fact of economic life, they resort to calculation (calculation) of estimates, they are, in essence, using statistical techniques. Well-known procedures such as depreciation, write-off of cost of goods sold, accrual of reserves, calculation of realized trade margins (discounts) and the like demonstrate the advantages of statistical methodology. Moreover, D. Zappa even connected the amount of a company’s equity capital with the amount of expected income and thereby interpreted it statistically [7]. [p.205]

The calculations discussed in the example show that different valuation methods yield different costs of goods sold, and therefore different valuations of inventory. In other words, the use of one or another method through a change in the purchase price of goods sold makes it possible to influence the amount of gross profit from the sale of goods and, thus, the amount of the final financial result of trading activities. When forming an accounting policy, a trading enterprise fixes the method of their assessment applied to a given type (group) of inventory, taking into account economic feasibility. [p.77]

The valuation of inventory acquisition is determined at the time of disposal. For example, cost of goods sold could be either current LIFO or current replacement cost. In this case, the inventory valuation is determined as the balance. [p.321]

Accounting for inventory items. Depending on the valuation of inventory (see principle 5), the cost of goods sold is measured, corresponding to sales revenue (principle 9). So, if the LIFO method is used, then the cost of inventories (remains) of inventory items will be underestimated, and the cost of goods sold will be overestimated, and, therefore, the amount of profit will be underestimated, and accordingly the budget and shareholders (shareholders) will receive less taxes and dividends. (It is no coincidence that the LIFO method is prohibited in the UK.) If the FIFO method is used, then the cost of inventories (balances) of inventory items will be overstated, and the cost of goods sold will be underestimated, and, thus, the amount of profit will be exaggerated, and accordingly the budget and shares [p.484]

The article Cost of sales of goods, products (work, services) reflects the actual costs (expenses) associated with the production of products, performance of work, provision of services related to the sold products (work, services). Trade and supply and marketing organizations indicate the purchase price of goods on this line. The procedure for the formation of cost is determined by the relevant accounting rules. In the case when an enterprise uses its valuation at standard (planned) cost to account for manufactured products, the difference between the actual and standard cost is reflected on the specified line of the Profit and Loss Statement. [p.236]

After the specified posting, the assessment of the realized goods is debited to the credit balance. It characterizes the gross income from the sale of goods and is transferred to account 80 Profit and loss. [p.479]

The Regulations of the Organization's Accounting Policy establish the basic principles for assessing accounting items, which are called in this document assumptions and requirements; the assumption of continuity of activity of the enterprise, which determines the advisability of using the method of assessing property at historical cost; the assumption of consistency in the application of accounting policies, which requires maintaining the continuity of the selected methods for assessing accounting items over the years the requirement of prudence, which directs the enterprise to evaluate inventory, finished products and goods at the lowest cost; the requirement of complete reflection in the accounting of all facts of economic activity, i.e. determination of the actual cost of acquisition (procurement) of inventory and the actual cost of finished shipped and sold products (work, services). [p.31]

USNO: we calculate the cost of goods sold

→ Accounting items

The article from the magazine “MAIN BOOK” is current as of June 7, 2013.

magazine No. 12, 2013

Of course, you know that you can take into account the purchase price of goods as part of expenses that reduce tax under the simplified tax system when these goods are sold and you have no debt to the supplier for their payment. 1 clause 2, sub. 2 p. 2 art. 346.17 Tax Code of the Russian Federation.

In addition, when writing off, one of the methods is used: at the cost of a unit of goods, FIFO, LIFO or at average cost. But how not to get confused when tracking the sale of goods and payments to suppliers (partial or full)? For someone, the cost of goods by which the base for the “simplified” tax can be reduced is automatically calculated by the accounting program.

And for those who do not have such a program, we suggest using the helper tables we developed in Excel.

We determine the costs of selling piece goods

That is, the cost of goods is included in expenses based on the cost of each object. In this situation, you know both how much this or that sold product was purchased for, and whether the debt to the supplier for payment has been repaid.

Therefore, it is very simple to determine what amount can be written off as expenses that reduce the tax base under the simplified tax system - see if there is a debt to pay for this product, and write off, depending on the amount of payment, either its entire cost at once, or part of it.

The main thing is not to forget to take into account the payment transferred to the supplier in the following periods after you sold the goods. For accounting, you can use the table below.

Initially, enter the formula once in the first row of the specified column (as an example, we will provide formulas for the first cells of each column of our tables). Next, you just need to “stretch” the formula to the next rows of this column.

If you need to enter different formulas in the rows of one column, we will give them all. And if you need to move a formula from a cell in one table to a cell in another table (but in the same column), copy the cell with the formula already filled in and paste it into the desired cell.

Then be sure to check in the formula bar whether the conditions of the formula correspond to the indicators of a specific row.

Table 2. Consolidated register for the purchase, sale of goods and payments to suppliers for May 2013 (accounting at the cost of a unit of goods)

In table 1 manually fill in the data in columns A—F (highlighted in yellow).

Further, in subsequent months (Table 2), the task will be simplified - you fill in only the data in columns A, B, E, F.

The remaining cells will be filled in automatically.

Now let's look at the tables in more detail.

Column C “Unaccounted for payment, including advances, at the beginning of the month” - reflects the paid cost of previously unsold goods.

Column D “Cost of goods sold but unpaid at the beginning of the month” - shows the cost of goods previously sold but unpaid.

Column E “Paid for the month, rub.” — indicate the amount paid to the supplier specifically for this product in the current period.

Column F “Sold per month, rub.” — reflect the purchase price of the goods sold.

Column G “Written off as expenses, rub.” - this is the amount that you can write off as expenses: =MIN(C4+E4;D4+F4).

Column H “Unaccounted payments, including advances, at the end of the month”: =C4+E4–G4.

Column I “Cost of goods sold but unpaid at the end of the month”: =D4+F4–G4.

In table 2, we do not transfer the data for the product “mirror”, since according to the conditions of our example, this product is fully paid for and sold, that is, its cost is fully written off as expenses that reduce the tax base under the simplified tax system.

Data from cell H5 of table. 1 correspond to the data in cell C12 of the table. 2, the data in cell I5 - the data in cell D12, etc. for goods either unsold or the cost of which was not written off in full as expenses (in our example - a candlestick, a vase). For goods purchased this month, put “0” in columns C and D.

STEP 1. We deal with payment

In this case, the whole difficulty lies in the fact that you do not know exactly which product (from which batch) you sold, and accordingly, you cannot determine whether you paid the supplier for it or not. Therefore, let's proceed from the assumption that paid items are sold first.

This is definitely more beneficial for you. This rule must be enshrined in your accounting policy. The second thing that needs to be done is to “clear” the money transferred to suppliers from advances. After all, advances paid are not taken into account in expenses.

The register may look like this (filled in for a specific type of homogeneous product).

Table 4. Register for calculating the cost of goods written off as expenses for May 2013 (accounting by FIFO, LIFO or average cost)

Cells that need to be filled in manually are highlighted in yellow, that is, the first time you enter data in columns A-F, in subsequent months - D-F.

To begin with, let us clarify one point using the example of table. 3.

The data in columns C-E helps us determine how much we transferred to suppliers for the purchased goods, that is, excluding advances. You take the data in these columns from your accounting (if you are an entrepreneur and do not keep accounting, then you probably have some registers to record your payments to suppliers).

Now let's look at the formulas.

Column G “Cost of goods sold included in expenses”: =MIN(A4+C4+D4–E4;B4+F4).

It is by this figure that you can reduce the tax base for the simplified tax system. That is, you compare the cost of previously sold but unpaid goods and the cost of goods sold in the current period with your payment.

Column H “Cost of paid but unsold goods at the end of the month”: =A4+C4+D4–E4–G4.

Column I “Cost of goods sold but unpaid at the end of the month”: =B4+F4–G4.

Next, the data at the end of the period must be transferred to the cells corresponding to the data at the beginning of the next period:

• H4 (Table 3) = A9 (Table 4);
• I4 (Table 3) = B9 (Table 4);
• E4 (Table 3) = C9 (Table 4).

As we can see, based on the conditions of our example, in April 2013 we can write off 5,000 rubles as expenses that reduce the tax base under the simplified tax system, in May 2013 - 3,700 rubles.

By the way, if you noticed, we didn't say anything about column F, Cost of Items Sold. Where can I get the data for this column?

If you keep accounting records, then take the data from there; if not, you can calculate this amount in Excel.

STEP 2. Determine the cost of goods sold

You calculate this cost depending on the method you choose for valuing purchased goods. 2 p. 2 art. 346.17 Tax Code of the Russian Federation. And fill out the tables below for each type of homogeneous product.

FIFO

To calculate the cost of goods using the FIFO method, you can use the following tables.

Table 6. Register of cost calculation using the FIFO method for May 2013

In table 5 manually you will have to fill in the data in columns A—E, G. In subsequent months (Table 6) you will need to fill in the data in columns G, A—E (for goods purchased in the current month), A, D, E (for goods purchased in previous months) months of the product). Moreover, for old products the values ​​of columns D, E are equal to “0”, for new products - the values ​​of columns B, C. The remaining cells will be filled in automatically.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bnIwd-OG4Fc

Let's look at what formulas we used.

Column F “Total quantity of goods”: =B4+D4. To the quantity of goods not sold in the previous month we add the quantity of goods purchased in the current month. In principle, we need this column solely as an assistant for further calculations.

Column H “Quantity of goods sold from each batch.” Using a formula, we determine how many products from each batch are sold. Since we use FIFO, then, accordingly, we start counting from batch 1.

First, we compare the quantity of goods in the 1st batch with the total quantity of goods sold during the month: if there is less goods in this batch than sold, then, therefore, we “chain” subsequent batches until we “collect” the required quantity of goods sold. The formulas look like this:

1) for batch 1 (cell H4): =IF(G7>F4;F4;G7);

2) for batch 2 (cell H5): =IF(F5H4;C4>0);C4;IF(F4=H4;“0”))).

From the table 6, we deleted the rows containing data about batches 1 and 2, since the goods from these batches were completely sold.

Accordingly, in the next month’s table you need to replace the formulas in column H “Quantity of goods sold from each batch.” In our example, the countdown using the FIFO method will begin from the 3rd game.

That is, the formula for cell H14 (3rd batch, Table 6) will be similar to the formula for cell H4 (1st batch, Table 5), etc.

LIFO

Although it is allowed to use this method in tax accounting, it is simply not allowed in accounting. 16 PBU 5/01. Therefore, few people use it in practice.

But if suddenly you use this particular method, you can use the same tables (Tables 5, 6) as with FIFO (these are mirror methods), you just need to change the formulas in the column “Quantity of goods sold from each batch.” After all, when using LIFO, goods from the last purchased batch are written off first, and only then from earlier batches.

So, in our table we change only the formulas in column H “Quantity of goods sold from each batch”:

1) for batch 3 (cell H6): =IF(G7>F6;F6;G7);

2) for batch 2 (cell H5): =IF(F5

Source: https://GlavKniga.ru/elver/2013/12/1076-usno_rasschitivaem_stoimosti_prodannikh_tovarov.html

Calculation of the purchase price of goods sold

In the first case, gross income from the sale of goods is revealed on account 46 “Sales of products (works, services)” as the difference between the sales and purchase costs of goods sold.

In the second case, the gross income from the sale of goods has to be calculated, and the result of such calculation is reflected in accounting as a write-off of the amount of the realized trade markup (debit to account 46, credit to account 42 “Trade markup” using the red reversal method).

Gross income from the sale of goods is calculated based on: 1) total turnover; 2) the range of trade turnover; 3) average percentage; 4) the range of remaining goods (clause 12.

1 Methodological recommendations for accounting and registration of operations for the receipt, storage and release of goods in trade organizations, approved by letter of the RF Committee on Trade dated July 10, 1996 No. 1–794/32–5).

Attention

Those retail trade organizations that keep accounting records of goods at sales prices must, for tax accounting purposes, take them into account at their purchase price, which actually involves double accounting of transactions involving their movement.

Let us recall that the decision to determine the purchase price of goods in wholesale trade on the choice of the accounting price is necessarily fixed in the accounting policy of the organization.

So, a retail organization uses sales prices as the accounting price of goods.

This means that the item is accounted for at its selling price. In order to calculate the selling price of a product, an accountant must first determine the actual price of its acquisition, then the amount of the trade markup (discount) and calculate the amount of value added tax that the trading organization will have to pay to the budget when selling this product to the buyer.

How to calculate the cost of goods sold and paid for

FIFO will be 2320 USD. (2820 - 500); average prices - 1869 USD (2369 - 500): LIFO - 1350 c.u. (1750 - 500). Accordingly, the tax on profit from the sale of goods when using the FIFO method will be equal to 812 cu. (2320×35/100); average prices - 654.15 USD (1869×35/100); LIFO - 472.5 USD

d.e. (1350×35/100). Let us summarize the results of the calculations made (see Table No. 3) Table No. 3 Indicators, e.g.

f Inventory valuation method LIFO Average prices FIFO Gross income from the sale of goods 2820 2369 1850 Taxable profit 2320 1869 1350 Income tax 812 654.15 472.5 Thus, according to our example, the use of the average price method leads to a decrease in gross income from the sale of goods compared to the same indicator calculated on the basis of the FIFO method by 16%, and LIFO by 34.4%, and for taxable profit and income tax - by 19.4% and 41.8%, respectively.

Enter the site

Debit 90-3 Credit 68/2 “VAT calculations” - 2,520 rubles. (RUB 16,520) x 18%: 118%) - VAT is charged and must be paid to the budget. The store's income will be 4,000 rubles. (6,520 – 2,520). According to the specified document, the average percentage of trade margin is calculated as follows: P = (TNn + TNp – TNv): (B + OT) x 100%, where P is the average percentage of trade margin; ТНн – trade margin on the balance of goods at the beginning of the month (credit balance of account 42 “Trade margin” at the beginning of the month); ТНп – trade margin on goods received during the month (credit turnover of account 42 “Trade margin” for the month); ТНв – trade margin on goods disposed of during the month, for example, returned to suppliers (debit turnover of account 42 “Trade margin” for the month); B – revenue from sales of goods sold; OT – balance of goods at the end of the month (balance of account 41 “Goods” at the end of the month).