Article 257. Procedure for determining the initial cost of depreciable property

Algorithm for calculating the depreciation coefficient of fixed assets

The depreciation ratio of fixed assets (hereinafter referred to as KAOS) shows how much the fixed assets of an enterprise are worn out and how soon they will have to be repaired or updated. This indicator is calculated using the formula

KAOS = A / PSt × 100,

Where:

A - depreciation (account balance 02);

PSt is the initial cost of fixed assets (account balance 01).

You can also use the data from Form 5 from the notes to the balance sheet to calculate this ratio.

For an algorithm for filling out Form 5, see the article “Filling out the Appendix to the Balance Sheet (Form 5).”

An example of a balance sheet can be found in the material “Procedure for compiling a balance sheet (example).”

In this case, KAOS will be equal to:

KAOS = page 5,200 (data on depreciation) / page 5,200 (data on original cost) × 100.

This indicator is calculated for a specific date, most often at the beginning and end of the year.

KAOS is a conditional indicator and depends on the chosen method of calculating depreciation. Let's look at how it will change in 2015 using an example (for clarity, let's agree that the company has only one OS).

Example

in January 2012 I bought a machine at a price of 578,470 rubles. (including VAT RUB 88,241.18). It was put into operation the same month. The period of use is 8 years. Production capacity - 500,000 units. for the expected service life.

Postings:

Dt 08 Kt 60 — 490,228.82 rub. - OS arrived;

Dt 19 Kt 60 - 88,241.18 rub. — VAT;

Dt 01 Kt 08 — 490,228.82 rub. — OS accepted for accounting.

SALT for account 01 for 2015:

Change in the initial cost of the OS

After registering an asset, its initial cost does not change, except in cases where the following is carried out:

• reconstruction, modernization or other completion of an asset or partial liquidation of an asset (clause 14 of PBU 6/01, clause 2 of Article 257 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation);
• revaluation of fixed assets (clause 14 of PBU 6/01). The cost of fixed assets will change only in accounting records; in NU, the cost of fixed assets will not change during revaluation.

OS revaluation

Revaluation of fixed assets in accounting is carried out annually at the end of the reporting year (December 31). Revaluation is carried out by recalculation (clause 15 of PBU 6/01):

• initial or current (replacement) cost of fixed assets;
• the amount of accrued depreciation for the entire period of use of the OS.

The results of the revaluation are not reflected in tax accounting and do not change the initial or replacement cost of the fixed assets, as well as the amount of accumulated depreciation (paragraph 6, clause 1, article 257 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

If you plan to carry out an annual revaluation of the cost of fixed assets in accounting, then it is necessary to stipulate this in the accounting policy.

Find out more about OS Revaluation.

OS recovery

In BU, the costs of modernization and reconstruction increase the initial cost of the OS if, as a result of the work:

• its initially adopted standard performance indicators (SPI, power, quality of application, etc.) are improved (clauses 14, 27 PBU 6/01).

Costs for repairs in accounting do not increase the cost of fixed assets, but relate to expenses for ordinary activities of the reporting period in which they took place (clauses 5, 7 PBU 10/99, paragraph 67 of the Guidelines for accounting of fixed assets, approved by Order Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated October 13, 2003 N 91n).

In NU, the costs of modernization, reconstruction, and completion of the facility change the initial cost of the OS in the event that such work led to (clause 2 of Article 257 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation):

• a change in the technological or service purpose of an OS object, the emergence of new qualities, for example, the possibility of increased loads;
• improvement of production capacities and qualities of the OS facility;
• increasing the technical and economic indicators of the OS, modernizing and replacing obsolete and physically worn-out equipment with new, more productive ones.

The costs of repairs in the BU do not increase the cost of the operating system, but are classified as other expenses of the reporting period in which they occurred (Article 260 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

The organization has the right to create a reserve in the NU for the upcoming repair of fixed assets; this right must be secured in the accounting policy for tax accounting (Article 324 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

See also:

• OS upgrade
• OS Inventory
• OS sales

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Application of the wear and tear coefficient of fixed assets in financial analysis

OSes play an important role in the life of an enterprise. Financiers use various techniques for a comprehensive analysis of fixed assets and the dynamics of their movement.

You will learn about methods of analyzing the balance sheet from the material “Methodology for analyzing the balance sheet of an enterprise.”

KAOS refers to indicators of the state of the OS. Most often, it is considered along with the OS serviceability coefficient (CGOS), which characterizes the technical condition of the OS and is expressed by the ratio of the residual value of the OS to the primary value. The higher the CGOS, the better the technical condition of the OS.

It is calculated according to the formula

KGOS = Co/Sp,

Where:

Co - residual (final) cost of fixed assets;

Sp - initial cost.

This indicator, like KAOS, depends on the depreciation method used and is conditional. In this regard, it is more advisable to compare the values ​​of these indicators with the data of competitors or with the average value in the industry.

More details about the KGOS can be found in the article “Formula for calculating the serviceability coefficient of fixed assets.”

In addition to the above indicators, do not forget about the moral and physical indicators of the OS condition.

Obsolescence is the depreciation of assets due to technical and technological progress.

Physical wear and tear - material wear and tear under the influence of climatic conditions or during labor. This depreciation is subject to accounting and can be determined in 2 ways:

• by useful life (expected) use (depreciation);
• during a technical inspection of an OS facility.

The analysis must be carried out in dynamics. Based on the results, a conclusion is drawn about the degree of suitability and wear of the OS.

Operations with depreciable property: accounting and tax accounting

Fixed assets and intangible assets in the Tax Code of the Russian Federation constitute a general concept - depreciable property. If the property lasts 12 months or less or costs no more than 10,000 rubles, then it is not considered depreciable, but is immediately included in material expenses when put into operation (subclause 3, clause 1, article 254 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). In accounting, fixed assets worth no more than 10,000 rubles. are also written off as production costs as they are put into operation (released into production) in accordance with clause 18 of Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated March 30, 2001 No. 26. In this case, it is possible to establish another limit for classifying objects into the specified category of fixed assets based on technological features (according to Letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated October 18, 2002 No. 16-00-14/403, it can be either more or less than 10,000 rubles). Accounting for depreciable property is perhaps one of the areas where the most significant differences in the rules of accounting and tax accounting are observed. The main differences between accounting and tax accounting of fixed assets are reflected in table. 1.

Table 1. Similarities and differences between accounting and tax accounting of fixed assets

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These differences underlie the formation of permanent and temporary differences that are subject to accounting in accordance with the Accounting Regulations “Accounting for Income Tax Calculations” PBU 18/02, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated November 19, 2002 No. 114n. Let's consider the most common transactions that cause the formation of differences associated with depreciable property.

Determining the initial cost of fixed assets

A large number of permanent and temporary differences are revealed already during the formation of the initial cost of depreciable property. When determining the initial value of property for tax accounting purposes, the following features should be taken into account:

• Not only refundable taxes (VAT), as is customary in accounting, are excluded from the initial cost, but also all other taxes that are subject to deduction or taken into account as expenses in accordance with the Tax Code of the Russian Federation (for example, state and customs duties) (subclause 1 p. 1 article 2 64);
• the cost of fixed assets of own production is determined based on the direct costs of their creation and increases by the amount of excise taxes (clause 1 of Article 257);
• Expenses in the form of interest on debt obligations received for its purchase are not included in the initial cost of a fixed asset; such expenses are classified as non-operating expenses (subclause 2, clause 1, article 265);
• if expenses can be attributed with equal grounds to the cost of a depreciable fixed asset and other groups of expenses, the taxpayer has the right to independently determine which group these expenses belong to (clause 4 of Article 252);
• The legislator has not established how to calculate the initial cost of property received as a contribution to the authorized (share) capital. Based on the definition of depreciable property (clause 1 of Article 256) and the general principles of recognition of expenses (Article 252), we can conclude that property received as a contribution to the authorized capital is classified as depreciable property with zero initial cost (this does not apply to property contributed to the authorized capital before 2002, since its initial cost is taken from the financial statements as of January 1, 2002 in accordance with transitional provisions). It should be noted that in its Guidelines for the application of Ch. 25 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, tax authorities allow fixed assets received in the form of a contribution to the authorized capital to be valued at their residual value according to the tax accounting data of the transferring party.

The most common differences that arise when forming the initial cost of fixed assets and accepting them for accounting are presented in table. 2.

Table 2. Differences arising in the formation of the initial cost of fixed assets

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Let's consider the formation of the initial cost of a fixed asset, the price of which is expressed in foreign currency, using example 1.

Example 1. OJSC “S” acquires fixed assets in March 2005. Under the terms of the contract, the price is expressed in conventional units at the exchange rate on the day of shipment. Payment was made on October 1, the US dollar exchange rate was 27.5 rubles. The cost of the fixed asset is $1,000. The shipment was made on March 6, the US dollar exchange rate was 28.0 rubles. For accounting purposes: – as of March 1: RUB 27,500. – an advance payment has been made for the fixed asset ($1,000 x 27.5 rubles); – as of March 6: 28,000 rub. – the actual costs of the purchased fixed asset are reflected on the date of shipment (USD 1,000 x RUB 28.0); – 500 rub. – the amount difference on the purchased fixed asset is reflected (RUB 28,000 – RUB 27,500); – 30,500 rub. – the fixed asset is credited to the organization’s balance sheet.

Consequently, for accounting purposes, taking into account amount differences, the fixed asset will be listed at a cost of 27,500 rubles. For tax accounting purposes, without taking into account amount differences, according to the terms of the contract, the cost on the date of shipment will be equal to 28,000 rubles, non-operating expenses are formed in the amount of 500 rubles. In this case, a taxable temporary difference arises in the amount of 500 rubles, which will decrease with each depreciation charge. Let us further consider the formation of the initial cost of a fixed asset received free of charge using example 2.

Example 2. According to the tax accounting data of the transferring party, the initial cost of a passenger car purchased at the market price is 600 thousand rubles. A useful life of 10 years is established by the taxpayer in accordance with the Classification of fixed assets included in depreciation groups, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated January 1, 2002 No. 1. The linear method of calculating depreciation is used in both accounting and tax accounting. Moreover, in accordance with paragraph 9 of Art. 259 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, a reduction factor of 0.5 is used in tax accounting (the initial cost of a passenger car is more than 300 thousand rubles). After 48 months, the taxpayer transfers the car free of charge. Accrued depreciation for this period in accounting is 240 thousand rubles, in tax accounting - 120 thousand rubles. The residual value of the car at the transferring party, according to accounting data, is 360 thousand rubles, tax accounting – 480 thousand rubles. The documented market price of a four-year-old car is 300 thousand rubles. As a result, the taxpayer who received this car will, for accounting purposes, accept the assessment of the gratuitously received property at market value (300 thousand rubles), and for the purposes of Ch. 25 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation - not lower than the residual value in the amount of 480 thousand rubles. Due to different estimates of the value of property received free of charge in accounting and tax accounting, a constant difference in the amount of 180 thousand rubles arises. The taxpayer will include income in the amount of 480 thousand rubles in non-operating income in tax accounting. on the date of signing the vehicle acceptance certificate. And the accounting records as of this date will reflect the investment in non-current assets in correspondence with the deferred income account in the amount of 300 thousand rubles. Non-operating income in accounting will be reflected during the depreciation period in the amount of accrued depreciation on this property. In January 2005, there was a difference in non-operating income in the amount of 480 thousand rubles, of which 180 thousand rubles. – constant difference, 300 thousand rubles. – a deductible temporary difference that will be repaid as depreciation is calculated on the car until its value is completely written off in tax accounting.

Change in the original cost of fixed assets

Another group of transactions for which differences arise due to differences in the rules of accounting and tax accounting is associated with changes in the initial cost of objects. The Tax Code of the Russian Federation contains the concept of “replacement cost” only in relation to fixed assets put into operation before January 1, 2002. In contrast to the accounting provisions, the Tax Code of the Russian Federation does not provide for changes in the initial value of fixed assets as a result of the revaluation of property at market prices. However, in connection with the changes that were made to PBU 6/01 by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated June 10, 2002 No. 45n, expenses from the depreciation of fixed assets in accounting are shown in the account of retained earnings (uncovered loss). In this regard, there are no differences in accounting for income (expenses) in accounting and tax accounting. At the same time, as a result of changes in the accounting value of a fixed asset in accounting, the amount of depreciation charges changes. In tax accounting it remains the same. The differences that arise are presented in table. 3.

Table 3. Differences arising from the revaluation of fixed assets

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What does a high depreciation ratio mean?

Analysts identify 2 possible reasons for increased KAOS:

• the funds are really very worn out;
• depreciation is written off using an acceleration factor.

In practice, financiers use KAOS as an indicator of the risk of failures in the production process. Accordingly, if the indicator is too high, the analyst will conclude that there is a high risk of interruption of the production process and the need for repair or modernization of equipment.

But accounting assumes the possibility of using a mechanism for accelerated depreciation of fixed assets. In this case, the accounting depreciation will significantly exceed the actual one. Accordingly, the analysis should reflect relevant comments to report users.

Results

The depreciation rate of fixed assets is used in conjunction with similar indicators to analyze the state of the company's fixed assets. This indicator is conditional and fundamentally depends on the depreciation write-off method chosen by the company. If it is too high, then, according to analysts, there is a high probability of a workflow failure and the OS needs to be upgraded.

You can find more complete information on the topic in ConsultantPlus. Free trial access to the system for 2 days.

Depreciation after modernization of fixed assets

The procedure for calculating depreciation after modernization of a fixed asset is not defined by accounting legislation. There are Methodological Instructions approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated October 13, 2003 No. 91n, where paragraph 60 provides only an example of calculating depreciation charges using the linear method, and the annual amount of depreciation charges for fixed assets after modernization is determined in the following order.

The annual depreciation rate for fixed assets after modernization is calculated using the formula:

Then we calculate the annual depreciation amount. To do this we use the formula :

The amount of depreciation to be calculated monthly is 1/12 of the annual amount.

An organization has the right to use this method of calculation even if, as a result of modernization, the useful life of a fixed asset has not changed. This is explained by the fact that the example from the Guidelines does not contain conditions on the mandatory increase in useful life as a result of modernization. This means that an organization can calculate depreciation based on the residual value of a fixed asset (taking into account its increase by the amount of modernization costs) and its remaining useful life, regardless of whether this period was extended after modernization or not.

If an organization uses other methods of calculating depreciation (the reducing balance method, the method of writing off value by the sum of the numbers of years of useful life, the method of writing off value in proportion to the volume of production), then the annual amount of depreciation charges can be determined in the following order:

• similar to the order given in the example for the linear method;
• independently developed by the organization.