Changes have been made to PBU 6/01 “Accounting for fixed assets” (approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated March 30, 2001 N 26n, as amended on May 16, 2016 N 64n)

When to apply the new FSBU 6/2020

By Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated September 17, 2021 No. 204n, the federal accounting standard FSBU 6/2020 “Fixed Assets” was approved.
It defines the requirements for the formation in accounting of information about the organization’s fixed assets. FSBU 6/2020 was developed on the basis of IFRS (IAS) 16 “Fixed Assets”, which was put into effect in the Russian Federation by Order of the Ministry of Finance dated December 28, 2015 No. 217n.

As is clear, the new standard replaces the Accounting Regulations (PBU 6/01) “Accounting for fixed assets”.

In connection with the adoption of this standard, from January 1, 2022, the Guidelines for accounting of fixed assets, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance dated October 13, 2003 No. 91n.

to adopt FSBU 6/2020 from January 1, 2022 . That is, from the financial statements for 2022 . However, you can decide to use it now.

Postings with ONA and ONO

As a result of the calculations, we have only one temporary difference, on the basis of which we form deferred tax. To do this, we multiply the temporary difference by the income tax rate. If as a result of the calculation we have identified a deductible difference, then it should be reflected in the balance sheet, if taxable - IT.

Then we look at how much SHE or IT has changed compared to the previous reporting date. If IT has increased, additionally accrue it to the debit of account 09 “Deferred tax assets”, IT – to the credit of account 77 “Deferred tax liabilities”. If IT has decreased, make an entry with a credit to account 09, IT – with a debit to account 77.

If at the beginning of the year there is an IT, and at the end of the year we have a deductible difference, then we fully repay the IT and reflect the accrued IT. That is, we make two entries: one for debit 77, the second for credit 09. In the opposite situation, when at the beginning of the year there is IT, and at the end of the year we have calculated the taxable difference, we repay IT and accrue IT. In this case, we also make two entries: one for credit 09 and the second for debit 77.

The amounts of deferred taxes that were reflected in debit 09 or debit 77 are included in the income statement with a “+” sign. And the amounts of deferred taxes reflected on loan 09 or loan 77 are marked with a “–” sign.

Correspondence for accounts 09 and 77 depends on the method of generating the current income tax. Depending on the accounting option, we will make the usual entries with account 68 “Calculations for taxes and fees” or use account 99.

A number of new concepts have been introduced

FSBU 6/2020 introduced certain new concepts and normatively established a number of concepts that have traditionally been used in practice. Among them:

CONCEPT	EXPLANATION
Book value is the original cost of an asset reduced by accumulated depreciation and impairment.	Previously the definition was not formulated
A group of fixed assets is a collection of fixed assets of the same type, combined based on the similar nature of their use	Previously the definition was not formulated
Investment property is real estate intended to be provided for temporary use for a fee and/or to generate income from an increase in its value.	Previously, the concept of investment real estate was absent. OS intended exclusively for provision for a fee for temporary possession and use or for temporary use for the purpose of generating income were reflected as part of income-generating investments in tangible assets. In connection with the introduction of the concept of “investment real estate”, the concept of “profitable investments in material assets” is not used in relation to OS.
Liquidation value is the amount that an organization would receive in the event of disposal of an asset (including the cost of material assets remaining from disposal) after deducting the estimated costs of disposal. Moreover, the fixed asset object is considered as if it had already reached the end of its useful life and was in a state characteristic of the end of its useful life	The concept was not previously used
Elements of depreciation - the useful life of an asset, its salvage value and the method of calculating depreciation	The concept was not previously used
Revalued value - the value of an asset after its revaluation	Previously – current (replacement) cost
Impairment is the condition of an asset such that its carrying amount exceeds the amount that could be received from using the asset or from selling it.	The concept was not previously used

Transition to registration according to the new rules

If fixed assets or intangible assets were revalued, or if the organization recognized permanent differences in estimated liabilities and reserves before 2021, then do not recalculate anything in the previous period. To switch to accounting according to the new rules of PBU 18/02, adjust those ONA and ONO indicators that are listed in accounting. To do this, at the beginning of 2021:

compare the book value of assets and liabilities with their value in tax accounting;
calculate deferred tax;
compare ONO and ONA, which are registered as of January 1, 2021, with the calculated indicators. If they are equal, then no additional postings need to be made. If the calculated SHE and IT differ from what is reflected in the accounting, then on January 1, create deferred taxes in the required amount.

Examples of calculating deferred tax on an estimated liability, reserve for doubtful debts and reserve for repairs of fixed assets

Object as of 01/01/2020, thousand rubles.	Accounting	Tax accounting	Deductible difference, SHE	Taxable difference, IT
Estimated liability	1000	0	1000; Debit 09 Credit 84 · 200 (1000 × 20%)	–
Provision for doubtful debts	2000	1750	250 (2000 – 1750); Debit 09 Credit 84 · 50 (250 × 20%)	–
Provision for repairs of fixed assets	0	4000	–	4000; Debit 84 Credit 77 · 800 (4000 × 20%)

Use the same principle if you carried out a markdown or revaluation of objects.

An example of calculating deferred tax when depreciating a fixed asset

Fixed asset, thousand rubles.	2017	2018	2019	2020
As of January 1
Initial cost	10 000	10 000	used – 8000 well – 10,000	used – 8000 well – 10,000
Accumulated depreciation	–	1000	used – 1600 well – 2000	used – 2400 well – 3000
In a year
Depreciation	1000	1000	used - 800 well - 1000
As of December 31
Markdown	–	1600	–	–
Initial cost	10 000	used – 8000 well – 10,000	used – 8000 well – 10,000	–
Accumulated depreciation	1000	used – 1600 well – 2000	used – 2400 well – 3000	–
Permanent difference (leads to formation of PNA)	–	–	200	–

As of January 1, 2021, the cost of the OS is:

balance sheet – 5600 thousand rubles. (8000 thousand rubles – 2400 thousand rubles);
tax – 7000 thousand rubles. (10,000 thousand rubles – 3,000 thousand rubles).

Therefore, as of January 1, 2021, the accountant will form the following in accounting:

Debit 09 Credit 84

280 thousand rubles. ((7000 thousand rubles – 5600 thousand rubles) × 20%) – ONA is formed for the fixed asset.

Examples of calculating deferred tax when revaluing fixed assets

Fixed asset, thousand rubles.	2017	2018	2019	2020
As of January 1
Initial cost	10 000	10 000	used – 12,000 well – 10,000	used – 12,000 well – 10,000
Accumulated depreciation	–	1000	used – 2400 well – 2000	used – 3600 well – 3000
In a year
Depreciation	1000	1000	used – 1200 well – 1000
As of December 31
Revaluation	–	1600	–	–
Initial cost	10 000	used – 12,000 well – 10,000	used – 12,000 well – 10,000	–
Accumulated depreciation	1000	used – 2400 well – 2000	used – 3600 well – 3000	–
Permanent difference (leads to formation of PNO)	–	–	200	–

As of January 1, 2021, the cost of the OS is:

balance sheet – 8400 thousand rubles. (12,000 thousand rubles – 3,600 thousand rubles);
tax – 7000 thousand rubles. (10,000 thousand rubles – 3,000 thousand rubles).

Therefore, as of January 1, 2021, the accountant forms IT in accounting:

Debit 83 Credit 77

280,000 rub. ((8,400 thousand rubles – 7,000 thousand rubles) × 20%) – an IT organization has been formed for the fixed assets object.

Objects of fixed assets have been specified

FSBU 6/2020 clarifies the characteristics characterizing fixed assets. In the standard these include:

SIGN	EXPLANATION
The presence of a material form	Not previously formulated
Intended for use by an organization in the normal course of business in the production and/or sale of its products (goods), when performing work or providing services, for environmental protection, for temporary use for a fee, for management needs, or for use in non-profit activities organization aimed at achieving the goals for which it was created	Previously there was no indication of the possibility of use for environmental protection
Intended for use by an organization for a period greater than 12 months or a normal operating cycle greater than 12 months	Previously, there was also an indication that the organization does not envisage the subsequent resale of the object
Able to bring economic benefits (income) to the organization in the future (ensure that the non-profit organization achieves the goals for which it was created)	–

Long-term assets for sale (previously taken into account as part of fixed assets) are excluded from the scope of application of FAS 6/2020 Since 2021, this type of assets has been taken into account in accordance with PBU 16/02 “Information on discontinued activities” (approved by order of the Ministry of Finance dated July 2, 2002 No. 66n).

As part of the operating system, investment real estate objects are separately taken into account and reflected in the financial statements.

Temporary differences

The Ministry of Finance approved a new procedure for calculating temporary differences - balance sheet. Temporary differences are calculated by comparing the value of an asset or liability, which does not coincide in accounting and tax accounting (clause 8 of PBU 18/02 as amended in 2021). This is the only way to calculate temporary differences in the new edition of PBU 18/02. From January 1, 2021, absolutely all organizations must apply it.

To calculate temporary differences, the accountant must prepare a table of assets and liabilities. It must be done on the reporting date, for example, December 31. Do not include assets and liabilities in the table by object; it is enough to reflect aggregated indicators. For example, the line “Fixed assets” will reflect the cost minus accrued depreciation for all fixed assets.

There may be provisions for reduction in value for raw materials, goods and finished products. The value of these assets can be shown collapsed, that is, minus reserves, you can open and show the value of assets and the value of reserves separately. The same approach applies to accounts receivable: you can immediately reduce accounts receivable by the amount of the reserve for doubtful debts; you can consider these two values separately. This will not affect the overall result.

Next, we look at similar data on the value of the same group of assets and liabilities in the tax accounting system. And, in addition to the assets and liabilities already reflected, we add to the table indicators from tax accounting that are not in accounting. For example, a loss carried forward to the future, a reserve for the repair of fixed assets, which is formed only in tax accounting. Their book value will be zero.

Next, calculate the total time difference. Use this algorithm.

Calculate the differences for each row of the table. If the book value of assets is greater than the tax value, then a taxable temporary difference arises, otherwise it is deductible. Regarding obligations, the opposite is true. If the book value of the liability is greater than the tax value, then a deductible temporary difference arises, otherwise it is taxable.
Add up all deductible differences across assets and liabilities and separately all taxable differences. So, on the slide table we calculated the sum for each column.
Subtract the smaller difference from the larger difference. The result will be one difference - the one that was greater: either deductible or taxable.

There may be exceptions if an organization, for example, operates and pays income tax in several regions at different income tax rates. Then consider time differences related to different regions separately.

When applying the balance sheet method, temporary differences include “unrealized” permanent differences. These are the differences that will become permanent in the next reporting period. For example:

excess costs in work in progress, finished goods in warehouse or shipped goods;
excess interest on borrowed funds in unfinished construction;
R&D expenses with a coefficient of 1.5 in unfinished developments.

For example, work in progress includes an expense that is recognized only in accounting and is not taken into account for tax purposes. When the finished product is sold, this expense forms a permanent difference. However, until it “reaches” account 90 “Sales” or 91 “Other income and expenses,” we consider it as temporary. These differences will accumulate in the composition of assets - goods, finished products in the warehouse, work in progress, etc.

The procedure for accounting for low-value items has been changed

FAS 6/2020 establishes a general approach to the definition of low-value assets that have signs of fixed assets, but which can not be taken into account as fixed assets: objects are considered for accounting purposes as low-value based on the materiality of information about them (previously, the value of such assets did not exceed 40,000 rubles for a unit). Based on this approach, the organization independently sets a limit on the value of low-value assets.
Costs for the acquisition and creation of such assets are recognized as expenses of the period in which they were incurred (previously, these assets were reflected as part of inventories). At the same time, the organization is obliged to ensure proper control of their availability and movement.

The procedure for determining inventory objects has been clarified

The traditional approach to determining inventory items of fixed assets is supplemented by recognition as an independent inventory item:

AN OBJECT	EXPLANATION
Each part of one fixed asset, the cost and useful life of which differ significantly from the cost and useful life of the object as a whole	Earlier - with a significant difference only in the useful life
Significant expenses of the organization for repairs, technical inspection, maintenance of OS facilities with a frequency of more than 12 months or more than the usual operating cycle exceeding 12 months	Previously – included in period expenses

Useful life

The new FSBU added as a criterion for determining the useful life of fixed assets such a definition as obsolescence, plans for replacing fixed assets (including modernization, reconstruction, technical re-equipment), as well as restrictions imposed by contractual relations and management intentions.
Table 3. Useful life

PBU 6/01, paragraph 20

FSBU 6/2020, paragraph 10

The useful life of an item of fixed assets is determined by the organization when accepting the item for accounting. The useful life of an item of fixed assets is determined based on: the expected life of this item in accordance with the expected productivity or capacity; expected physical wear and tear, depending on the operating mode (number of shifts), natural conditions and the influence of an aggressive environment, the repair system; regulatory and other restrictions on the use of this object (for example, rental period). In cases of improvement (increase) of the initially adopted standard indicators of the functioning of a fixed asset object as a result of reconstruction or modernization, the organization revises the useful life of this object

The useful life of an item of fixed assets is determined based on: the expected period of operation, taking into account productivity or capacity, regulatory, contractual and other operating restrictions, intentions of the organization's management; expected physical wear and tear, taking into account the operating mode (number of shifts), repair system, natural conditions, the influence of an aggressive environment and other similar factors; expected obsolescence, in particular as a result of changes or improvements in the production process or as a result of changes in market demand for products or services produced by fixed assets; plans for the replacement of fixed assets, modernization, reconstruction, technical re-equipment

Depreciation rules changed

Here are the main innovations in matters of depreciation of fixed assets according to FAS 6/2020:

NEW	EXPLANATION
Non-profit organizations charge depreciation of fixed assets in the general manner	Previously, depreciation was not accrued, but depreciation amounts were accrued in off-balance sheet accounting
Depreciation calculation	Begins from the moment the object is recognized in accounting and stops from the moment it is deregistered (previously – depreciation began on the 1st day of the month following the month the object was recognized in accounting, and stopped on the 1st day of the month following the month the object was written off from accounting). The previously used approach to determining the point at which depreciation begins and ends is also acceptable. Not suspended in cases of downtime or temporary cessation of use of the OS (previously suspended during the conservation of the object for a period of more than 3 months, as well as for the period of restoration of the object, the duration of which exceeded 12 months). Suspended when the liquidation value of the asset becomes equal to or exceeds its book value. If subsequently the liquidation value of such an object becomes less than its book value, depreciation on it is resumed ( previously, depreciation was accrued until its value was fully paid off or it was written off from accounting).
General requirements have been established for the method of depreciation of fixed assets chosen by the organization	Previously, the requirements were not formulated. The chosen depreciation method should: most accurately reflect the distribution over time of expected future economic benefits from the use of a group of fixed assets; be applied sequentially from one reporting period to another (except for cases when the distribution over time of expected future economic benefits from the use of a group of fixed assets changes).
When applying the reducing balance method of depreciation, the organization independently determines the formula for calculating the amount of depreciation for the reporting period. In this case, the formula should ensure a systematic reduction of this amount as the useful life of this object expires	Previously, the annual amount of depreciation was determined based on the residual value of the object at the beginning of the reporting year and the depreciation rate calculated based on the useful life of this object and the coefficient established by the organization in an amount not exceeding 3
For the depreciation method proportional to the quantity of products (volume of work in kind), a ban on determining the amount of depreciation for the reporting period based on the amount of receipts (revenue or other similar indicator) from the sale of products (work, services) produced (performed, provided) using this OS	Previously the ban was not formulated
Depreciation elements of an asset are subject to verification for compliance with the conditions of use of this object. Such a check is carried out at the end of each reporting year, as well as upon the occurrence of circumstances indicating a possible change in the elements of depreciation. Based on the results of the inspection, if necessary, a decision is made to change the relevant depreciation elements.	Previously, the method of calculating depreciation and the useful life, as a rule, were not subject to change
The basis for calculating the amount of depreciation for the reporting period has been changed: this amount is calculated based on the book value of fixed assets, remaining useful life, and adjusted liquidation value	Previously – based on the original cost of the fixed asset and the total useful life
The amount of depreciation of an asset for the reporting period is determined in such a way that by the end of the depreciation period the book value of this asset becomes equal to its liquidation value	Previously – equal to zero

PBU 6/01

Registered with the Ministry of Justice of Russia on April 28, 2001 N 2689

MINISTRY OF FINANCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION ORDER dated March 30, 2001 N 26n ON APPROVAL OF THE ACCOUNTING REGULATIONS “ACCOUNTING FOR FIXED ASSETS” PBU 6/01
(as amended by Orders of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated May 18, 2002 N 45n, dated December 12, 2005 N 147n, dated September 18, 2006 N 116n, dated November 27, 2006 N 156n, dated October 25, 2010 N 132n, dated December 24, 2010 N 186n , from 05/16/2016 N 64n)
In pursuance of the Program for reforming accounting in accordance with international financial reporting standards, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of March 6, 1998 N 283 (Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation, 1998, N 11, Art. 1290), I order :
1. Approve the attached Accounting Regulations “Accounting for Fixed Assets” PBU 6/01.
2. Recognize as invalid Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated September 3, 1997 N 65n “On approval of the Accounting Regulations “Accounting for Fixed Assets” PBU 6/97” (Order registered with the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation dated January 13, 1998 N 1451) and paragraph 1 of Amendments to regulatory legal acts on accounting, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated March 24, 2000 N 31n (Order registered with the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation on April 26, 2000, registration number 2209).
3. Put this Order into effect starting with the 2001 financial statements.
Minister A.L. KUDRIN Approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated March 30, 2001 N 26n

ACCOUNTING REGULATIONS “ACCOUNTING FOR FIXED ASSETS” PBU 6/01

(as amended by Orders of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated May 18, 2002 N 45n, dated December 12, 2005 N 147n, dated September 18, 2006 N 116n, dated November 27, 2006 N 156n, dated October 25, 2010 N 132n, dated December 24, 2010 N 186n , from 05/16/2016 N 64n)

I. General provisions

1. These Regulations establish the rules for the formation in accounting of information about the organization’s fixed assets. An organization is further understood as a legal entity under the laws of the Russian Federation (with the exception of credit organizations and state (municipal) institutions). (as amended by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated October 25, 2010 N 132n)

2. Excluded. — Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 12, 2005 N 147n

3. This Regulation does not apply to:

machines, equipment and other similar items listed as finished products in the warehouses of manufacturing organizations, as goods - in the warehouses of organizations engaged in trading activities;
items handed over for installation or to be installed that are in transit;
capital and financial investments.

4. An asset is accepted by an organization for accounting as fixed assets if the following conditions are simultaneously met:

a) the object is intended for use in the production of products, when performing work or providing services, for the management needs of the organization, or to be provided by the organization for a fee for temporary possession and use or for temporary use;

b) the object is intended to be used for a long time, i.e. a period exceeding 12 months or the normal operating cycle if it exceeds 12 months;

c) the organization does not intend the subsequent resale of this object;

d) the object is capable of bringing economic benefits (income) to the organization in the future.

A non-profit organization accepts an object for accounting as fixed assets if it is intended for use in activities aimed at achieving the goals of creating this non-profit organization (including in business activities carried out in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation), for management needs non-profit organization, as well as if the conditions established in subparagraphs “b” and “c” of this paragraph are met.

The useful life is the period during which the use of an item of fixed assets brings economic benefits (income) to the organization. For certain groups of fixed assets, the useful life is determined based on the quantity of products (volume of work in physical terms) expected to be received as a result of the use of this object.

5. Fixed assets include: buildings, structures, working and power machines and equipment, measuring and control instruments and devices, computer equipment, vehicles, tools, production and household equipment and accessories, working, productive and breeding livestock, perennial plantings, on-farm roads and other relevant facilities.

The following are also taken into account as part of fixed assets: capital investments for radical improvement of land (drainage, irrigation and other reclamation works); capital investments in leased fixed assets; land plots, environmental management objects (water, subsoil and other natural resources).

Fixed assets intended exclusively for provision by an organization for a fee for temporary possession and use or for temporary use for the purpose of generating income are reflected in accounting and financial statements as part of profitable investments in tangible assets.

Assets in respect of which the conditions provided for in paragraph 4 of these Regulations are met, and with a value within the limit established in the organization’s accounting policy, but not more than 40,000 rubles per unit, may be reflected in accounting and financial statements as part of inventories . In order to ensure the safety of these objects in production or during operation, the organization must organize proper control over their movement. (paragraph introduced by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 12, 2005 N 147n, as amended by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 24, 2010 N 186n)

6. The accounting unit for fixed assets is an inventory item. An inventory item of fixed assets is an object with all its fixtures and accessories, or a separate structurally isolated item intended to perform certain independent functions, or a separate complex of structurally articulated items that constitute a single whole and are intended to perform a specific job. A complex of structurally articulated objects is one or more objects of the same or different purposes, having common devices and accessories, common control, mounted on the same foundation, as a result of which each object included in the complex can perform its functions only as part of the complex, and not independently.

If one object has several parts, the useful lives of which differ significantly, each such part is accounted for as an independent inventory item.

An item of fixed assets owned by two or more organizations is reflected by each organization as part of fixed assets in proportion to its share in the common property.

II. Valuation of fixed assets

7. Fixed assets are accepted for accounting at their original cost.

8. The initial cost of fixed assets acquired for a fee is recognized as the amount of the organization’s actual costs for acquisition, construction and production, with the exception of value added tax and other refundable taxes (except for cases provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation).

The actual costs for the acquisition, construction and production of fixed assets are:

amounts paid in accordance with the contract to the supplier (seller), as well as amounts paid for delivering the object and bringing it into a condition suitable for use;
amounts paid to organizations for carrying out work under construction contracts and other contracts;
amounts paid to organizations for information and consulting services related to the acquisition of fixed assets;
customs duties and customs fees;
non-refundable taxes, state duties paid in connection with the acquisition of fixed assets;
remunerations paid to the intermediary organization through which the fixed asset was acquired;
other costs directly related to the acquisition, construction and production of fixed assets.

General and other similar expenses are not included in the actual costs of acquisition, construction or production of fixed assets, except when they are directly related to the acquisition, construction or production of fixed assets.

8.1. An organization that has the right to use simplified accounting methods, including simplified accounting (financial) reporting, can determine the initial cost of fixed assets:

a) when purchased for a fee - at the price of the supplier (seller) and installation costs (if there are such costs and if they are not included in the price);

b) during their construction (manufacturing) - in the amount paid under construction contracts and other agreements concluded for the purpose of acquiring, constructing and manufacturing fixed assets.

In this case, other costs directly related to the acquisition, construction and production of fixed assets are included in expenses for ordinary activities in full in the period in which they were incurred.

(clause 8.1 introduced by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated May 16, 2016 N 64n)

9. The initial cost of fixed assets contributed to the contribution to the authorized (share) capital of the organization is recognized as their monetary value, agreed upon by the founders (participants) of the organization, unless otherwise provided by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

10. The initial cost of fixed assets received by an organization under a gift agreement (free of charge) is recognized as their current market value on the date of acceptance for accounting as investments in non-current assets.

11. The initial cost of fixed assets received under contracts providing for the fulfillment of obligations (payment) in non-monetary means is recognized as the value of the assets transferred or to be transferred by the organization. The value of assets transferred or to be transferred by an organization is established based on the price at which, in comparable circumstances, the organization usually determines the value of similar assets.

If it is impossible to determine the value of assets transferred or to be transferred by the organization, the value of fixed assets received by the organization under contracts providing for the fulfillment of obligations (payment) in non-monetary means is determined based on the cost at which similar fixed assets are acquired in comparable circumstances.

12. The initial cost of fixed assets accepted for accounting in accordance with clauses 9, 10 and 11 is determined in relation to the procedure given in clause 8 of these Regulations.

13. Capital investments in perennial plantings and for radical land improvement are included in fixed assets annually in the amount of costs related to the areas accepted for operation in the reporting year, regardless of the completion date of the entire complex of works.

14. The cost of fixed assets in which they are accepted for accounting is not subject to change, except in cases established by this and other accounting provisions (standards). (as amended by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 24, 2010 N 186n)

Changes in the initial cost of fixed assets, in which they are accepted for accounting, are allowed in cases of completion, additional equipment, reconstruction, modernization, partial liquidation and revaluation of fixed assets.

15. A commercial organization may revalue groups of similar fixed assets at current (replacement) cost no more than once a year (at the end of the reporting year). (as amended by Orders of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 12, 2005 N 147n, dated December 24, 2010 N 186n)

When making a decision on revaluation of such fixed assets, it should be taken into account that subsequently they are revalued regularly so that the cost of fixed assets at which they are reflected in accounting and reporting does not differ significantly from the current (replacement) cost.

Revaluation of an object of fixed assets is carried out by recalculating its original cost or current (replacement) cost, if this object was revalued earlier, and the amount of depreciation accrued for the entire period of use of the object.

The results of the revaluation of fixed assets carried out at the end of the reporting year are subject to reflection in accounting separately. (paragraph introduced by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated May 18, 2002 N 45n, as amended by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 24, 2010 N 186n)

The amount of revaluation of an object of fixed assets as a result of revaluation is credited to the additional capital of the organization. The amount of revaluation of an item of fixed assets, equal to the amount of its depreciation carried out in previous reporting periods and attributed to the financial result as other expenses, is credited to the financial result as other income. (as amended by Orders of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 12, 2005 N 147n, dated December 24, 2010 N 186n)

The amount of depreciation of an item of fixed assets as a result of revaluation is included in the financial result as other expenses. The amount of depreciation of an object of fixed assets is included in the reduction of the organization’s additional capital formed from the amounts of the additional valuation of this object carried out in previous reporting periods. The excess of the amount of depreciation of an object over the amount of its revaluation, credited to the organization's additional capital as a result of revaluation carried out in previous reporting periods, is charged to the financial result as other expenses. (as amended by Orders of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated May 18, 2002 N 45n, dated December 24, 2010 N 186n)

When an item of fixed assets is disposed of, the amount of its revaluation is transferred from the organization's additional capital to the organization's retained earnings.

16. Excluded. — Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated November 27, 2006 N 156n

III. Depreciation of fixed assets

17. The cost of fixed assets is repaid through depreciation, unless otherwise established by these Regulations.

For objects of fixed assets used for the implementation of the legislation of the Russian Federation on mobilization preparation and mobilization, which are mothballed and not used in the production of products, when performing work or providing services, for the management needs of the organization or for provision by the organization for a fee for temporary possession and use or for temporary use, depreciation is not charged.

Depreciation is not charged for fixed assets of non-profit organizations. Based on them, information on the amounts of depreciation accrued in a straight-line manner in relation to the procedure given in paragraph 19 of these Regulations is compiled on the off-balance sheet account.

For housing assets that are accounted for as part of profitable investments in material assets, depreciation is calculated in accordance with the generally established procedure.

Objects of fixed assets whose consumer properties do not change over time are not subject to depreciation (land plots; environmental management facilities; objects classified as museum objects and museum collections, etc.).

18. Depreciation of fixed assets is calculated in one of the following ways:

linear method;
reducing balance method;
method of writing off value by the sum of the numbers of years of useful life;
method of writing off cost in proportion to the volume of products (works).

The use of one of the methods of calculating depreciation for a group of homogeneous fixed assets is carried out throughout the entire useful life of the objects included in this group.

19. The annual amount of depreciation charges is determined:

with the linear method - based on the original cost or (current (replacement) cost (in case of revaluation) of an object of fixed assets and the depreciation rate calculated based on the useful life of this object;
with the reducing balance method - based on the residual value of the fixed asset item at the beginning of the reporting year and the depreciation rate calculated based on the useful life of this item and a coefficient not higher than 3, established by the organization;
when writing off the cost by the sum of the numbers of years of its useful life - based on the original cost or (current (replacement) cost (in case of revaluation) of an object of fixed assets and the ratio, the numerator of which is the number of years remaining until the end of the useful life of the object, and the denominator is the sum of the numbers of years of the useful life of the object.

During the reporting year, depreciation charges for fixed assets are accrued monthly, regardless of the accrual method used, in the amount of 1/12 of the annual amount.

For fixed assets used in organizations with a seasonal nature of production, the annual amount of depreciation charges on fixed assets is accrued evenly throughout the period of operation of the organization in the reporting year.

When writing off the cost in proportion to the volume of production (work), depreciation charges are calculated based on the natural indicator of the volume of production (work) in the reporting period and the ratio of the initial cost of the fixed asset item and the estimated volume of production (work) for the entire useful life of the fixed asset item.

An organization that has the right to use simplified methods of accounting, including simplified accounting (financial) reporting, can: (paragraph introduced by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated May 16, 2016 N 64n)

accrue the annual amount of depreciation at a time as of December 31 of the reporting year or periodically during the reporting year for periods determined by the organization; (paragraph introduced by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated May 16, 2016 N 64n)
charge depreciation of production and business equipment at a time in the amount of the original cost of objects of such assets when they are accepted for accounting. (paragraph introduced by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated May 16, 2016 N 64n)

20. The useful life of an item of fixed assets is determined by the organization when accepting the item for accounting.

The useful life of a fixed asset item is determined based on:

the expected life of the facility in accordance with its expected productivity or capacity;
expected physical wear and tear, depending on the operating mode (number of shifts), natural conditions and the influence of an aggressive environment, the repair system;
regulatory and other restrictions on the use of this object (for example, rental period).

In cases of improvement (increase) of the initially adopted standard indicators of the functioning of a fixed asset object as a result of reconstruction or modernization, the organization revises the useful life of this object.

21. Accrual of depreciation charges for an object of fixed assets begins on the first day of the month following the month in which this object was accepted for accounting, and is carried out until the cost of this object is fully repaid or this object is written off from accounting.

22. The accrual of depreciation charges for an object of fixed assets ceases from the first day of the month following the month of full repayment of the cost of this object or the write-off of this object from accounting.

23. During the useful life of an object of fixed assets, the accrual of depreciation charges is not suspended, except in cases where it is transferred by decision of the head of the organization to conservation for a period of more than three months, as well as during the period of restoration of the object, the duration of which exceeds 12 months.

24. Accrual of depreciation charges on fixed assets is carried out regardless of the results of the organization’s activities in the reporting period and is reflected in the accounting records of the reporting period to which it relates.

25. The amounts of accrued depreciation on fixed assets are reflected in accounting by accumulating the corresponding amounts in a separate account.

IV. Restoration of fixed assets

26. Restoration of a fixed asset object can be carried out through repair, modernization and reconstruction.

27. Costs for the restoration of fixed assets are reflected in the accounting records of the reporting period to which they relate. At the same time, the costs of modernization and reconstruction of a fixed asset object after their completion increase the initial cost of such an object if, as a result of modernization and reconstruction, the initially adopted standard performance indicators (useful life, power, quality of use, etc.) of the object are improved (increased) fixed assets.

28. Expelled. — Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 12, 2005 N 147n

V. Disposal of fixed assets

29. The cost of an item of fixed assets that is being retired or is not capable of bringing economic benefits (income) to the organization in the future is subject to write-off from accounting.

Disposal of an item of fixed assets occurs in the event of: sale; termination of use due to moral or physical wear and tear; liquidation in case of an accident, natural disaster and other emergency situation; transfers in the form of a contribution to the authorized (share) capital of another organization, a mutual fund; transfers under an agreement of exchange, gift; making contributions under a joint venture agreement; identifying shortages or damage to assets during their inventory; partial liquidation during reconstruction work; in other cases.

30. If a fixed asset is written off as a result of its sale, then the proceeds from the sale are accepted for accounting in the amount agreed upon by the parties in the agreement.

31. Income and expenses from writing off fixed assets from accounting are reflected in accounting in the reporting period to which they relate. Income and expenses from writing off fixed assets from accounting are subject to credit to the profit and loss account as other income and expenses.

VI. Disclosure of information in financial statements

32. In the financial statements, at least the following information is subject to disclosure, taking into account materiality:

on the initial cost and the amount of accrued depreciation for the main groups of fixed assets at the beginning and end of the reporting year;
on the movement of fixed assets during the reporting year by main groups (receipt, disposal, etc.);
on methods for assessing fixed assets received under contracts providing for the fulfillment of obligations (payment) in non-monetary means;
on changes in the value of fixed assets in which they are accepted for accounting (completion, additional equipment, reconstruction, partial liquidation and revaluation of objects);
on the useful life of fixed assets accepted by the organization (by main groups);
about fixed assets, the cost of which is not repaid;
about fixed assets provided and received under a lease agreement;
on objects of fixed assets accounted for as part of profitable investments in material assets;
on methods for calculating depreciation charges for certain groups of fixed assets;
about real estate objects accepted for operation and actually used, which are in the process of state registration.

Revaluation rules changed

After recognition, an item of fixed assets can be reflected in accounting at a revalued cost. At the same time, the value of such an object is regularly revalued so that it is equal to or does not differ significantly from its fair value ( previously , the object was revalued at its current (replacement) cost).

Fair value is determined in the manner prescribed by IFRS 13 “Fair Value Measurement”, put into effect in Russia by Order of the Ministry of Finance dated December 28, 2015 No. 217n.

All have the right to revaluate their assets ( previously only commercial organizations).

Revaluation is carried out as the fair value of fixed assets changes ( previously - no more than once a year at the end of the reporting period). At the same time, it is permissible to decide to conduct a revaluation no more than once a year (as of the end of the reporting year).

When carrying out a revaluation, along with a proportional recalculation of the original cost and accumulated depreciation of an asset, a method is acceptable in which the initial cost is first reduced by the amount of depreciation accumulated on it on the date of revaluation, and then the resulting amount is recalculated so that it becomes equal to the fair value of this object ( previously - only proportional recalculation).

The amount of accumulated revaluation can be written off to the organization’s retained earnings in one of two ways :

One-time when writing off an overvalued asset.
As depreciation accrues on such an object.

Previously - only at a time when an object is written off.

Revaluation of investment real estate is carried out in a manner different from the procedure for revaluation of other fixed assets. Main differences:

revaluation is carried out at each reporting date;
the initial cost of the object (including previously revalued) is recalculated so that it becomes equal to its fair value;
revaluation or depreciation of an object is included in the financial result of the organization’s activities as income or expense of the period in which the revaluation of this object was carried out;
revalued objects are not subject to depreciation.

An entity that decides to value investment property at a revalued value must apply this valuation method to all investment properties.

New names PNO and PNA

There are permanent differences. They arise if income or expenses form accounting profit, but are not taken into account when calculating income taxes, either now or in the future. Or vice versa: they are reflected only in tax accounting. Now, on the basis of permanent differences, we form permanent tax liabilities and permanent tax assets (PNO and PNA). Since the new year, they are called differently - permanent tax expenses and permanent tax revenues (PNR and PND).

Debit 99 Credit 68

fixed tax expense is reflected;

Debit 68 Credit 99

constant tax income is reflected.

The new names better reflect the essence of the indicators. For example, PNR reduces net profit, so it is reflected in the debit of account 99 “Profits and losses”. IPA increases profit, so it is reflected in the credit of account 99.

The composition of the information disclosed in the reporting has been clarified

FSB 6/2020 supplemented the list of information about fixed assets disclosed in accounting reports with data on:

the book value of investment property at the beginning and end of the reporting period;
the result of disposal of fixed assets for the reporting period;
as a result of revaluation of fixed assets included in income or expenses of the reporting period, capital in the reporting period;
as a result of impairment of fixed assets and reversal of impairment included in expenses or income of the reporting period; the amount of impairment allocated in the reporting period to reduce the accumulated revaluation result; other information on impairment of fixed assets provided for by IAS 36 “Impairment of Assets”;
the book value of suitable but not used fixed assets, when this is not related to the seasonal characteristics of the organization’s activities, as of the reporting date;
the book value of fixed assets in respect of which there are restrictions on property rights, including fixed assets pledged, as of the reporting date;
methods of valuing fixed assets (by groups);
elements of depreciation and their changes ( previously - only about useful life and methods of calculating depreciation);
recognized as income in profit (loss) is the amount of compensation for losses associated with the depreciation or loss of fixed assets provided to the organization by other persons.

additional disclosure have been established for fixed assets measured at revalued amounts In particular:

date of the last revaluation;
information about engaging an independent appraiser;
methods and assumptions adopted in determining fair value, incl. information on the use of observed market prices;
the book value of the revalued groups of fixed assets, which would be reflected in the accounting records if they were assessed at their historical cost, as of the reporting date;
methods for recalculating the initial cost of revalued groups of fixed assets;
the amount of accumulated revaluation of fixed assets not written off to retained earnings, indicating the method of its write-off.

Disposal of fixed assets

Example (continued)

After 7 years of use, the aquarium and terrarium are obsolete. Zoo-land LLC resold them to a local mini-zoo.

Index	Aquarium	Terrarium
Sales price	25,000 rub.	170,000 rub.
Reflection of income in accounting	Other income of the current period (clause 31 of PBU)
Residual value	RUB 17,515 = 48,175 – 365*84 months.	RUB 137,218 = 259,834 – (1,53424 months + 1,43060 months)
Write-off of residual value in accounting	Other expenses of the current period (clause 31 of PBU)

Others include income and expenses incurred not only during the sale of fixed assets, but also with other methods of disposal of fixed assets: liquidation, gratuitous transfer, contribution to the authorized capital of another organization, etc. (clause 29 of the PBU).

A number of other rules have been clarified

FSBU 6/2020 also clarified a number of rules for accounting for fixed assets:

WHAT IS SPECIFIED	EXPLANATION
Prospective reflection of the consequences of changing the method of assessing fixed assets is provided - that is, without recalculating data for previous periods	Previously – not provided
The procedure for reflecting changes in the amount of the estimated liability for future dismantling, disposal of an asset and restoration of the environment, taken into account in the initial cost of this object, has been changed	A change in this amount (without taking into account interest) increases or decreases the original cost of the object. At the same time, if an object is accounted for at a revalued value, then the accumulated revaluation for it (if any) is adjusted by the amount of the change in its initial value. The amount of such adjustment is included in the comprehensive financial result without inclusion in profit or loss. Previously , a change in the amount of an estimated liability was attributed to the financial result of the period and did not change the initial cost and the result of the revaluation.
The list of cases of disposal of fixed assets and its inability to bring economic benefits in the future has been supplemented	These are the following cases: expiration of regulatory permissible periods or other maximum operating parameters, as a result of which use becomes impossible; termination of the activity in which this object was used, if there is no possibility of its use in ongoing activities; transfer to non-operating (financial) lease; transfer to a non-profit organization. Previously – not formulated

Results

The PBU “Accounting for Fixed Assets ” provides general explanations for how recognition, depreciation, restoration and write-off of fixed assets are reflected in accounting records.
However, it lacks specific descriptions: the classification of operating systems according to the period of their use; on the calculation of depreciation when restoring the value of fixed assets and when using non-linear methods of depreciation charges. For clarifications and clarifications, one has to refer to the Methodological Instructions for Accounting for Assets, as well as to the Tax Code of the Russian Federation. You can find more complete information on the topic in ConsultantPlus. Free trial access to the system for 2 days.

Simplified methods of accounting for fixed assets

Organizations that, in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, have the right to use simplified methods of accounting, can:

not to apply the procedure for adjusting the initial cost of fixed assets in connection with a change in the amount of the estimated liability for future dismantling, disposal of the facility and environmental restoration, provided for by FAS 6/2020;
refuse to test fixed assets for impairment - that is, evaluate them at their book value as of the reporting date;
disclose information about fixed assets in accounting reports to a limited extent.

Transitional provisions

As the Ministry of Finance notes, the consequences of changes in the accounting policies of an organization in connection with the start of application of FAS 6/2020 are reflected retrospectively - that is, as if this standard had been applied from the moment the facts of economic life affected by it arose.

To facilitate the transition to the new procedure for accounting for fixed assets in the financial statements, starting from which FAS 6/2020 is applied, the organization may not recalculate comparative indicators related to fixed assets for periods preceding the reporting period. To do this, you need to make a one-time adjustment to their book value at the beginning of the reporting period (the end of the period preceding the reporting period). For the purposes of such an adjustment, the carrying value of fixed assets should be considered their original cost (taking into account revaluations), recognized before the application of FAS 6/2020 in accordance with the previously applied accounting policy, less accumulated depreciation.

In this case, accumulated depreciation is calculated in accordance with FAS 6/2020 based on the specified initial cost, liquidation value and the ratio of the expired and remaining useful life, determined in accordance with FAS 6/2020.

The chosen method of reflecting the consequences of changes in accounting policies is disclosed in the first financial statements prepared using FAS 6/2020.

Source: information message of the Ministry of Finance dated November 3, 2020 No. IS-accounting-29.

Net profit or loss

The new edition of PBU 18/02 provides an example of calculating net profit, which reflects the two considered methods. Regardless of the method, the amount of net profit will be the same.

With the balance sheet method, profit before tax is reduced by the amount of income tax expense - current income tax and deferred taxes reflected in account 99. It is these indicators that are transferred to the financial results report.

With the deferment method, account 99 reflects the indicators of UR (UD) and PNR, PND. Based on these figures, the accountant should arrive at the same current income tax figure.

Let's look at this with an example.

Profit in accounting amounted to 1000 thousand rubles. (UR = 200 thousand rubles), and in tax accounting – 500 thousand rubles.

Deductible temporary difference – 100 thousand rubles. (SHE = 20 thousand rubles).

Taxable temporary difference – 800 thousand rubles. (IT = 160 thousand rubles).

Option 1: deferment method

We will calculate all indicators, including PPR and PND, and based on these indicators we will generate the current income tax.

The permanent difference, according to accounting data, is equal to 200 thousand rubles. (PNR = 40 thousand rubles).

We calculate the current income tax using the formula:

TNP = UR + PNR + SHE – IT

TNP is equal to 100 thousand rubles. (200 thousand rubles + 40 thousand rubles + 20 thousand rubles – 160 thousand rubles).

Option 2: balance method

Take the current income tax amount from the return and calculate the deferred taxes. Based on these figures, calculate the PNR or PND and calculate the constant difference. To do this, you do not need to compare income and expenses in accounting and tax accounting.

We calculate the constant difference using the formula:

PNR = (TNP – SHE + IT) – UR + UD

PNR is equal to 40 thousand rubles. (100 thousand rubles – 20 thousand rubles + 160 thousand rubles – 200 thousand rubles).

The permanent difference is equal to 200 thousand rubles. (40 thousand rubles: 20%).

With the balance sheet method of reflecting the current tax, the indicators of UR or UD, PNR or PND are not reflected in accounting. They are not disclosed on the balance sheet or income statement. But these indicators are disclosed in the notes to the balance sheet. Based on these data, users of financial statements will be able to draw a conclusion about the impact of permanent differences on the amount of current income tax.