NPOs can also invest. How to create target capital and who needs it?

To correctly close cost accounts, we will analyze the basic recommendations for accounting in the 1C-Rarus program: Accounting for a non-profit organization 5.

Receipt of targeted funds

Closing non-business expense accounts:

Operation “Distribution of costs between PD and NKD”

Operation “Distribution of costs according to the purpose of targeted funds”

Operation “Distribution of costs by sources of financing”

Balance Reformation

End of month closing

Why is an endowment needed?

“The advantage is that there is an opportunity to use the money in 10 years. This is some kind of airbag. If the organization is liquidated or reorganized, it is guaranteed to receive this money,” says Daria Miloslavskaya, lawyer and expert at the Lawyers for Civil Society association.

Also, according to her, if a fine is imposed on an organization, then it can be collected from the deposit, but “no one can take anything from the endowment.”

As a rule, the yield on an endowment is slightly higher than on a regular bank deposit.

Economist Sergei Guriev, within the framework of the joint project of the Potanin Foundation and The Bell “Bringing the Future Closer,” said that philanthropic organizations are among the key institutions of civil society.

One of the guarantors of an organization’s financial stability is the AVAILABILITY of its target capital

“In Russia, we see that the third sector is often ahead of public and private organizations in terms of the standards of their work. Philanthropic organizations need to create conditions for systematic activities. This requires the right modern management structure, outcome measurement, mission definition, and a strategic plan to achieve this mission. Of course, we need economic growth and income growth. And, naturally, long-term stability in all respects - the ability to understand what will happen in society, in the economy, in the country in five or ten years, as well as the stability of the organization itself,” the expert notes.

Organization of accounting of target funds in non-profit organizations

In the accounting of a non-profit organization (NPO), the main place is occupied by the accounting of funds for targeted financing. The term “targeted financing” is found both in accounting, in particular, for the name of account 86, and in tax law. There is no such concept in civil law, however, when drawing up various types of contracts, it is necessary to be guided only by the norms of civil law.

The closest concepts of civil law for the activities of NPOs are gift agreements (Article 572 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation) and donations (Article 582 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). A donation is the donation of a thing or right for generally beneficial purposes. Donations are made to citizens, medical and educational institutions, social protection institutions, charitable, scientific and educational institutions, foundations, museums and other cultural institutions, public and religious organizations.

Donations predetermine the obligations of the recipient. Thus, the donor has the right to put forward a condition that the property transferred to him be used for a specific purpose. Violation of this duty by the beneficiary may result in cancellation of the donation. If such a condition is absent, then the donation of property to a citizen is considered an ordinary donation.

A legal entity accepting a donation, for the use of which a certain condition has been established, must keep separate records of all operations involving the use of donated property. You can change the established conditions -

but only with the consent of the donor. If the donor, a legal entity, is liquidated, the purpose of using the property can only be changed by a court decision.

Tax accounting

In the activities of NPOs, there is income in the form of funds and other property that are received as gratuitous assistance (assistance) in the manner established by Law No. 95-FZ, as well as property received by the taxpayer as part of targeted financing. Organizations are required to keep separate records of income (expenses) received (produced) within the framework of targeted financing. In the absence of such accounting, these funds are considered as subject to taxation from the date of their receipt. Targeted funding also includes received grants. Grants are recognized as funds or other property if their transfer (receipt) meets the following conditions:

• grants are provided on a gratuitous and irrevocable basis by Russian individuals, non-profit organizations, as well as foreign and international organizations and associations according to the list of such organizations approved by the Government of the Russian Federation, for the implementation of specific programs in the field of education, art, culture, public health, environmental protection , protection of human and civil rights and freedoms provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation, social services for the poor and socially unprotected categories of citizens, as well as for conducting specific scientific research;
• grants are provided on conditions determined by the grantor, with a mandatory report on the intended use of the grant.

Property received free of charge by non-state educational institutions that have licenses to conduct educational activities, to conduct statutory activities, as well as property, including funds, and property rights that are received by a religious organization in connection with the performance of rituals and ceremonies and from sale of religious literature and religious items.

When determining the tax base, target revenues (with the exception of excisable goods) are also not taken into account: from the budget to budget recipients and for the maintenance of NPOs, for the conduct of their statutory activities; transferred free of charge from other organizations and (or) individuals and used by recipients for their intended purpose. Taxpayers who are recipients of targeted revenues are required to keep separate records of received (produced) income (expenses).

Funds received can be recognized as target income and expenses only if they fully comply with the requirements of the person who provided the financing. To control the intended use of funds, it is necessary to ensure the identity of the indicators of financial statements and accounting registers, as well as the data of primary documents. The most common scheme for preparing documents reflecting the receipt and expenditure of funds is to develop a labeling system in accordance with the sources of targeted funding.

The basis for organizing accounting and documentation should be the correspondence of the subaccounts (or subconto) of account 86 “Targeted Financing” to specific sources of targeted financing, which in addition are assigned a code identical to the number of the target project, contract for targeted financing or the abbreviation of the financing organization. The accounting (financial) statements of the organization include summarized data on all subaccounts of targeted financing, its revenue and expenditure parts. The accounting registers must present a detailed picture of each source of financing.

To confirm data from accounting registers, supporting documents should be marked to identify income received and expenses incurred with a specific source of financing. In addition to signs indicating a specific source of funding or project, the marking may contain clarifying signs or numbers that allow direct comparison of expenses incurred with certain items of the budget or estimate. In the absence of such a system for identifying primary documents with sources of targeted funding, inspection authorities will most likely not be able to draw conclusions about the intended use of funds and the maintenance of separate records. The consequence will be the classification of target income as non-operating income and their subsequent taxation.

It is impossible to consider any financial and economic transaction, removing it from the general context of the organization’s activities. Therefore, it is necessary to compare all types of information that may be relevant to the accounting of target funds. If you turn to the rules of tax accounting and drawing up a return for corporate income tax, you can see that in order to reflect received target funds, including those expressed in foreign currency, NPOs fill out sheet 07 “Report on the intended use of property (including funds ), works, services received as part of charitable activities, targeted income, targeted financing.” The Ministry of Taxes of Russia in the recommendations “Tax accounting system recommended by the Ministry of Taxes of Russia for calculating profits in accordance with the norms of Chapter 25 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation” offered non-profit organizations forms of Registers for accounting for earmarked funds in the form of:

• Register for accounting of receipts of target funds;
• Register of accounting for the expenditure of target funds;
• Register for accounting of earmarked funds used for purposes other than their intended purpose.

The results for the specified Registers are transferred to sheet 07 of the income tax return.

A list of property (including funds), works, services received as part of charitable activities, targeted income, targeted financing, developed on the basis of the provisions of Art. 251 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, is given in Appendix No. 2 to the Procedure for filling out a declaration on corporate income tax.

Accounting

Accounting for target income and expenses can be attributed to complex and controversial issues in accounting for non-profit organizations. Currently, account 86 is used to summarize information on target income and expenses. To reflect target expenses, organizations, at their choice, recorded in the accounting policy, can use either account 86 directly, or 20 “Main production”, or 26 “General business expenses”. Account 20 for these purposes is directly recommended by the Ministry of Finance of Russia (see Approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated February 7, 2006 No. 24n.

Chart of accounts for accounting financial and economic activities of organizations and Instructions for its application, approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated October 3–1, 2000 No. 94n).

The author sees the following inconveniences in using accounts 20 and 26. When using account 20, traditionally, accounting should be kept according to economic elements, which has no practical benefit in the activities of NPOs, and makes the accounting mechanism very cumbersome. Some experts protest against the use of this account precisely because of its name, since the organization does not have any production in terms of its non-profit activities. Account 26 also does not fully correspond in name to the values ​​taken into account, since in addition to general business expenses, NPOs also have other types of expenses. In addition, according to accounting rules, this account must be closed monthly, which is not always justified in the course of business activities of an NPO.

Thus, for accounting for target funds, account 86 is the main one. Despite this, there is no unified methodology for accounting for target income and expenses. The task is somewhat simplified when the organization has one source of funding and implements a single target program. In practice, this happens extremely rarely. As a rule, an NPO has several sources of funding and carries out several targeted projects or programs.

Since the basis of the activities of a non-profit organization is an estimate, then, in the author’s opinion, the methodology for accounting for target funds should be built using similar approaches. One of the principles of accounting for NPOs is the unity and comparability of accounting, tax and financial (provided to donor organizations) reporting data. Based on this, it can be recommended to build an accounting system, reflecting sources of financing in the subaccounts of account 86. The accounting information collected in sub-accounts is the basis for drawing up a report to a specific financing organization or individual. Since organizations are implementing several projects and programs, the second level of subaccounts can be recommended to reflect income and expenses for targeted projects and programs. The next level of detail may correspond to specific budget lines for each target program. As a result, the details of account 86 will look like this:

• first level of sub-account (sub-account) – sources of financing reflected in the sub-accounts of the first level of the target financing account (A, B ... Z);
• second level of subaccount (subconto) – numbers of target projects and programs reflected in the second level subaccounts (I, II , etc.);
• third level of subaccount (subconto) – numbers of budget items of specific target projects, in particular:

1. wages and social contributions,
2. rental of premises for a special event,
3. fare,
4. purchase of equipment for a target project,
5. repair of target project equipment,
6. Administrative expenses.

For example, accounting entries when receiving targeted funding from source A will look like this: D 50, 51, 52 – K 86-A.

Expenses when calculating wages for employees who took part in target project I at the expense of source A can be reflected as follows: D 86-AI-1 –

By 70.

Example. The membership-based community organization is implementing two targeted projects. It is financed from three different sources: a foreign charitable foundation (A), a Russian commercial firm (B) and membership fees. Sources of financing for projects are reflected in the subaccounts of account 86, respectively: source of financing A - in subaccount 86-1, source of financing B - in subaccount 86-2, membership fees - in subaccount 86-3.

The numbers of target projects that are reflected in the second level subaccounts are I, II, the numbers of budget items of target projects are 1 , 2, etc.

A foreign charitable foundation finances both projects. The first project is additionally financed by a Russian commercial firm. Additional funds collected in the form of targeted contributions are used to cover the costs of the second project.

The first project aims to equip a children's corner in a city hospital and includes the cost items listed in table. 1 . The second project is aimed at providing sanitary and hygienic assistance to children from disadvantaged families and includes the cost items indicated in table. 2.

Table 1

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table 2

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The accounting entries will look like this:

when paying for a contract for repair work with a construction company - K 51 “Settlement accounts” - 1,000,000 rubles. – prepayment was transferred to the construction company;

D 86-1T-1 (source of financing A, project I, article 1) – K 60 – 700,000 rubles. – part of the cost of work is allocated from targeted funding from source A;

D 86-2T-1 (source of financing B, project I, article 1) – K 60 – 300,000 rubles. – attributed to targeted funding from source B as part of the cost of work;

with additional purchase of building materials for repairs

D 60 – K 51 – 700,000 rub. – prepayment for building materials was transferred to the wholesale base;

D 10 “Materials”, subaccount 8 “Building materials” – K 60 – 700,000 rubles. – materials are accepted for accounting;

D 86-1-1-2 (source of financing A, project I, article 2) – K 10-8 – 600,000 rubles. – part of the cost of work is allocated from targeted funding from source A;

D 86-2T-2 (financing source B, project I, article 2) – K10-8 -100,000 rub. – attributed to targeted funding from source B as part of the cost of work;

when purchasing office supplies for project II

D 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors” – K 51 “Settlement accounts” – 10,000 rubles. – prepayment to the store for stationery;

D 10, subaccount 6 “Other materials” – K 60 – 10,000 rubles. – materials are accepted for accounting;

D 86-1-P-5.3 (financing source A, project II, article 5.3) – K 10-6 – 6000 rubles. – part of the cost of work is allocated from targeted funding from source A;

D 86-3-P-5.3 (membership fees, project II, article 5.3) – K 10-6 – 4000 rubles. – part of the cost of work was attributed to membership fees.

Other project expenses are recorded in the accounting accounts in a similar manner.

non-profit organization estimate

The accounting system of an NPO must contain information not only about the state of assets and liabilities, the presence and volume of the organization’s property, but also, unlike a commercial organization, about how the received target funds were used. The basis for reflecting this type of information is the estimate. Federal Law No. 7-FZ of January 12, 1996 “On Non-Profit Organizations” states that each NPO must have an independent balance sheet or budget. Briefly, estimates can be defined as a plan for the upcoming receipts of material and cash resources, as well as expenses of the organization. The estimate of income and expenses is often called a budget.

The NPO's estimate is drawn up for the calendar year, as well as for the implementation of a specific program or project. The draft estimate is discussed and approved by the highest governing body in accordance with the organization's charter. Changes that need to be made to the estimate should be agreed in writing with the authority that approved the original version.

To simplify the work somewhat, we can recommend drawing up an estimate for the same items of income and expenses that are provided for in the income and expense report. An approximate estimate of an NPO for a financial year may look like this:

Show entire table

The estimate for a target project or program is drawn up in accordance with the goals of the project (program) and approved by the financing party. Most often these are legal entities.

If an organization is engaged in charitable activities, then a charitable program is drawn up, which includes an estimate of expected revenues and planned expenses, and establishes the stages and timing of its implementation.

However, there are certain restrictions for charities. So, in accordance with Art. 1 6 of the Federal Law of 11 , 1995 No. 135-FZ “On Charitable Activities and Charitable Organizations”, an organization does not have the right to use more than 20% of the financial resources spent by this organization for the financial year to pay administrative and managerial personnel. This restriction does not apply to the remuneration of persons participating in the implementation of charitable programs. Unless otherwise specified by the donor or charitable program, at least 80% of the cash donation must be used for charitable purposes within one year of receipt of the donation. Charitable donations in kind are directed to charitable purposes within one year from the date of their receipt, unless otherwise established by the benefactor or the charitable program.

In conclusion, let us once again draw attention to the fact that at the moment, not all the subtleties of accounting for earmarked funds are regulated at the legislative and regulatory levels. When working with targeted funds, NPOs are obliged to comply as accurately as possible not only with the norms and rules of Russian legislation, but also with the requirements of donor organizations. All decisions made regarding the organization of accounting for targeted financing, taking into account the requirements of donor organizations, must be reflected in the accounting policy.

What are the risks?

The management company’s task is to ensure that the NPO’s endowment has income, says Irina Kuznetsova, an expert at the Lawyers for Civil Society association. According to her, this is a difficult task, since the company cannot invest in all assets, but only in those specified by the endowment law.

“These are traditional financial instruments that do not bring high returns. The legislator sought to secure and preserve the endowment so that the management company would not lose it,” says Irina.

Accounting

Expenses are subject to recognition in accounting, regardless of the intention to receive revenue, other or other income and the form of expenditure (cash, in kind and other) (clause 17 of PBU 10/99).

In accordance with clause 18 of PBU 10/99, expenses are recognized in the reporting period in which they occurred, regardless of the time of actual payment of funds and other form of implementation (assuming the temporary certainty of the facts of economic activity).

If expenses determine the receipt of income over several reporting periods, then they are recognized in the profit and loss statement through their reasonable distribution between reporting periods (clause 19 of PBU 10/99).

We believe that the expenses under consideration meet the criteria for other expenses (clauses 4, 5, 12 of PBU 10/99).

Spending of contribution funds

The intended purpose of using the funds contributed by members of the NPO will be the maintenance and operational activities of the organization. They are not used to form the organization’s property and are not subject to income tax (see subparagraph 1, paragraph 2, article 251 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

The non-profit nature of the organization’s activities imposes another limitation on the spending of contributions: they can only be used to finance statutory activities. Misuse of funds will lead to their recognition as income and subsequent taxation (Clause 14, Article 250 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

Consequently, only 2 directions for using contribution funds will be legal:

• for the maintenance of the management apparatus (rent, wages, expenses for the operation of the apparatus);
• conducting statutory activities.

The acquisition of property, securities of any nature (shares, certificates of deposit), fixed assets or their use for business purposes will automatically be recognized as misuse. The decision on spending funds is made by the executive body, which is given the right to dispose of the property of the NPO within certain limits.

How you can spend funds acquired, including from contributions, is described in the article Finance in non-profit organizations (nuances).

NPO. Accounting and reporting

NPOs maintain accounting records and submit financial statements in the manner established by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

The financial statements of NPOs must contain information about their statutory and business activities.

NPOs independently develop and accept accounting reporting forms based on the samples recommended by the Russian Ministry of Finance.

In the absence of entrepreneurial activity and relevant data, public organizations (associations) may not present as part of their financial statements:

• statement of changes in capital (form No. 3);
• cash flow statement (form No. 4);
• Appendix to the balance sheet (form No. 5);
• explanatory note.

Information on the use of budget funds is provided by NPOs receiving budget funds. The specified information is presented as part of the financial statements according to the forms established by the Ministry of Finance of Russia.

The financial statements are accompanied by a covering letter containing information on the composition of the financial statements presented.

Counter-provision from NPOs

By paying a membership fee, a member of the organization expects to receive some kind of consideration from the NPO, often of an intangible nature. This rule is presumed, but does not have a mandatory, statutory nature.

Among the forms of consideration are:

• issuing membership cards;
• representing the interests of members in relations with third parties and authorities;
• invitation to NGO events free of charge;
• free provision of legal and consulting services to non-profit organizations, including socially useful ones, according to the list determined by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of October 27, 2016 No. 1096;
• use of the library and electronic databases of the NPO, its property.

For non-profit partnerships and self-regulatory organizations, the consideration may be access to certain types of work. But it should be borne in mind that refusal to receive counter-provision is not grounds for non-payment of contributions. This responsibility falls on all members of society, regardless of their involvement in its affairs or receipt of reciprocal services.

Termination of membership is also the basis for termination of the right to receive consideration (see resolution No. A40-76488/2013). The format of such a refusal may be the return of documents (certificate of admission to work, membership card).

Legal nature of contributions to NPOs

According to Art.
26 of the Law “On Non-Profit Organizations” dated January 12, 1996 No. 7-FZ (hereinafter referred to as Law No. 7-FZ), the property of some NPOs is created, including through regular income from the founders or members who later joined the organization (general information about NPOs can be obtained in the article Peculiarities of the legal capacity of non-profit organizations). Based on sub. 3 clause 1.1 art. 14 of Law No. 7-FZ, an NPO may classify the payment of contributions as the responsibilities of members of the organization and describe this in the charter. Failure to comply with payment obligations may result in termination of membership. The law does not establish a mandatory form and frequency of payment of contributions, leaving this to the discretion of the NPO itself. As a general rule, contributions are paid in cash, since the law does not provide for a mechanism for assessing contributions in kind, in contrast to the assessment of contributions to property upon establishment. Contributions are paid in rubles.

How membership fees are reflected in the tax accounting of a non-profit organization, read the material prepared by the ConsultantPlus expert. If you do not yet have access to the ConsultantPlus system, you can obtain it free of charge for 2 days.

Frequency of payment of contributions

The charter of an NPO or, if provided for in the charter, the highest collegial management body of the organization may determine the following payment periods:

• monthly (in very rare cases, most often this frequency is typical for trade unions that belong to non-profit organizations in accordance with the provisions of the Law “On Trade Unions” dated January 12, 1996 No. 10-FZ and self-regulatory organizations);
• quarterly (in most cases);
• annually (usually in the 1st quarter of the year).

A new member of an NPO pays fees only for the period of his participation in the activities of the organization. It is unlawful to impose on him the obligation to pay them for earlier periods or periods after leaving the organization (see the decision of the 9th Arbitration Court dated April 14, 2015 in case No. A40-174848/2014).

Some non-profit organizations set different terms and amounts of NPO membership fees for different groups of members. In this case, it is advisable to adopt a regulatory document (regulations on membership fees) and approve it by decision of the collegial governing body.

For self-regulatory organizations (SROs), drawing up regulations on the procedure for paying contributions is a mandatory requirement established by clause 3 of Art. 12 of the Law “On Self-Regulatory Organizations” dated December 1, 2007 No. 315-FZ (an alternative option for regulating the amount of contributions may be provided for by the charter of the SRO or the law). The regulations are approved only by a general decision of the meeting of participants.