Income tax: who pays, how to calculate + calculation examples for dummies

Legal entities are required to pay income tax to the state in the form of a monetary amount. It is represented by a certain percentage of total profit, the amount of which is set by the state. The procedure for accrual and payment procedures is determined by law, in accordance with the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.

The profit, from which the country receives a certain percentage, is the income received by the legal entity, from which the cost of the costs incurred to conduct business has been subtracted. Not all expenses are regulated, and not all of them can be deducted from profit. Actually, the list of expenses taken into account is also specified in the Tax Code.

How to calculate income tax

Methods for determining profit

In total, there are two official methods that allow you to find out the amount of taxable profit.

1. By accruing expenses as they occur and income as they come in, without relying on whether the money was actually spent or received.
2. Accounting is carried out using the cash method, that is, immediately at the time of receipt or payment of money. Only some organizations can use the cash method. One of the conditions requires the presence of revenue for the past year in the amount of no more than 1,000,000 rubles for every three months.

There is an opinion that only an accountant, an employee of the company in question, can calculate income tax. This idea is fundamentally wrong. Any interested person, even a mathematical layman, can test himself and quite successfully determine the amount of taxation.

How tax law determines income, Ch. 25, art. 248 Tax Code of the Russian Federation

Advance payments

Income tax is paid in advance payments every month or quarter, and then at the end of the year. Transferring advances quarterly in 2021 is allowed to those companies whose sales revenues do not exceed 15 million rubles per quarter over the previous 4 quarters. Other legal entities pay advances monthly. We described how to calculate advances for income tax in a separate article. Quarterly advances are calculated from actual income, and monthly advances are calculated from estimated income (based on data for the previous quarter).

Who is obliged to pay

Legal entities, that is, organizations, are required to pay income tax. The amounts received from them go to the state budget. Exceptions may be made in cases where the enterprise has a special taxation regime, line of business, or is a foreign organization preparing in Russia for various significant global events.

Who is required to pay income tax?

USN is an abbreviation that stands for simplified taxation system. This regime provides tax exemption for:

• property;
• at a profit;
• on the income of an individual;
• on value added (excluding imports).

In addition, the presented regime implies the abolition of many of the payments listed above, and instead of them a single one is introduced, possible in the following options:

• a portion of the income received in the amount of 6% of the “body” is paid to the state;
• from the difference obtained by subtracting its expenses from the enterprise’s income, 5 to 15% are subtracted and paid to the country’s budget.

You can decide on the most suitable option by understanding the real amount of your expenses. If they do not reach half of the pay, therefore, choose the first option; in other cases, give preference to interest on the difference between profits and costs.

UTII - this abbreviation, when deciphered, sounds like a single tax on imputed income. This regime is intended for specific areas of enterprises, all of which are presented in the Tax Code of the Russian Federation. The authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation can establish it as the main one for their regions in relation to these areas of activity.

These usually include:

• transportation of goods by transport;
• transportation of passengers;
• retail trade, etc.

With a single tax on imputed income, contributions to the state are withdrawn from income that is expected to be received in the future. It is found according to the following formula:

A*B*K1*K2

Where A is a physical indicator that is directly dependent on the market niche in which the organization operates, the number of employees, the size of the trading floor, the number of vehicles, etc.

B is the basic profitability specified in the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.

K1 is a specialized coefficient, currently equal to 1.868.

K2 is the second coefficient, which is determined in accordance with legal acts issued by the authorities of the subject in whose territory the individual business or legal entity is located.

Deflator coefficient rates are set by orders of the Ministry of Economic Development every year. The latest order can be downloaded from the link:

Note! Since the tax is taken from income that is assumed, imputed, the revenue received in reality does not in any way affect the final payments.

As in previous cases, the imputed income tax frees company representatives from the need to pay other contributions to the state budget. We are talking about taxes:

• for added value (not import);
• profit;
• property of tax residents of the country;
• income of an individual.

Another possible area that is not subject to income tax is the gambling business.

In addition, foreign companies that worked in Russia during the world Olympic competitions in Sochi in 2014, as well as those that are working now, in 2021, and are preparing for FIFA and next year’s World Cup are exempt from payment. football.

Comparative analysis

In order to make it clearer what exactly awaits Russians in connection with the entry into force of Art. 214.2, let’s do a comparative analysis between what was and how it will be.

So, until 2021, the old provisions of the Tax Code regarding the payment of taxes on income from ruble deposits are in effect.

In accordance with the old provisions of the law, tax on income on deposits had to be paid if the bank deposit rate exceeded the key rate of the Central Bank plus 5 percentage points. Tax was payable on amounts exceeding this limit.

For example, with the Central Bank key rate of 6%, adding five percentage points in total gives 11 percent per annum. Since such rates on deposits of individuals do not exist, no one paid the tax.

That is, the determination of the tax base was tied to the bank interest rate, the key rate of the Central Bank and additional percentage points. Since in any case the arithmetic operations gave a non-existent bet, then Art. 214.2 was practically ineffective, regardless of whether the contribution was billions or millions.

Based on the need to modify the “ineffective” article of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, the legislator developed new provisions for levying taxes on income from citizens’ deposits.

To this end, Article 214.2 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation in the new edition established a number of changes, namely:

1. the tax was “delinked” from interest on a bank deposit;
2. banks were required to report to the tax authorities about all deposits of citizens;
3. the tax authorities were given the task of maintaining a summary record of all deposits for each specific depositor;
4. the tax was tied to the depositor's real income from the interest rate on the deposit. In order to establish income, tax authorities must sum up the income from each citizen’s contribution if the interest rate on them is more than 1%;
5. income limit was set. Arithmetically, the income limit is set by multiplying the total amount of deposits by the current key rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation;
6. a single tax rate on income from deposits was established, equal to 13% for both residents and non-residents of the Russian Federation.

Tax rates

The profit rate is calculated as a percentage and is currently legally equal to 20 units. In 2021, the amount paid was distributed as follows:

• 2% of the “body” went to the federal budget;
• the remaining interest went to the regional treasury.

However, shortly before the start of 2021, the inspectorate issued an order that outlined an updated redistribution between state budgets. Now the federal one receives 1% more, and accordingly the regional one decreases by the same amount.

It is also possible to individually change the size of the specified tax rate. This decision is made directly by the regional authorities, who have the right to reduce payments by reducing the percentage allocated to them. However, they also do not have the right to lower the rate to less than 13.5%.

This value is considered preferential. In the capital, companies engaged in the following work are subject to it:

• produce motor vehicles;
• carry out activities in a special economic territory;
• are representatives of parks of industrial and technological policies;
• use people with disabilities as employees.

The cultural capital also established a constant rate of 13.5% for certain categories of taxpayers, including companies operating in a special economic zone.

The example of the main cities of the country is followed by most of its other subjects. Lowering the rate is a common practice. However, in addition to the variety presented, there are also specialized bets. According to them, the tax received on profit is sent in full to the federal treasury.

Note! The remaining 3% due to the federal budget must be added to 13.5%. Local authorities cannot cancel or lower them.

The use of specialized rates is made due to their special characteristics of the company:

• status;
• activities.

Table 1. Specialized income tax rates

In addition, the zero rate applies to residents of the economic zone, as well as members of local investment projects, the liberated economic zone in the Republic of Crimea and the federal city of Sevastopol.

Formula for calculating income tax

As is clear from the information described earlier, the form of calculation of income tax will depend on the specific taxation system, as well as other circumstances that characterize the organization. Let's look at an example.

How to calculate income tax using the formula

You represent a company subject to the general taxation system. The general taxation system is a system in which a company is obliged to keep accounting records in full, while fulfilling its obligations to pay all general taxes to the budget:

• added value;
• at a profit;
• property;
• unified social or contributions to insurance funds.

Example. Over the past 12 months of work, your company received 4.5 million rubles, while costs amounted to 2.7 million. As you already understand, in this situation the tax will be calculated from the difference between the indicated amounts, that is, income and expenses - net profit. Let's count it.

4.5 – 2.7 = 1.8 or 1 million 800 thousand units of Russian currency. Let’s imagine that in the constituent entity of the Russian Federation, which is the place of business of your office, the main rate is regional and amounts to the standard 17%, then it turns out that you will pay the following amount to the local treasury:

1,800,000 * 17% = 306 thousand rubles

The federal treasury will receive the remaining three percent, that is, the amount:

1,800,000*3% = 54 thousand rubles

When the regional rate has dropped to the minimum 13.5%, you will pay the following amounts. For the region the payment will be:

1,800,000*13.5% = 243 thousand rubles

The same 54 thousand rubles will remain for the federal treasury.

As you can see, the amount deducted to the federal budget remains unchanged. It must be paid in any case, regardless of how the local tax rate changes. This tax is paid through advance payments monthly or every three months, and then at the end of the year. Firms that do not receive more than 15,000,000 in three months for the entire previous year have the right to transfer payments every quarter.

Other organizations are forced to pay every month. Three-month advances are calculated according to the profit actually received, and monthly advances - according to the expected receipt. The latter can be predicted by funds received for a similar time period in the past.

General information

Forms of income

Any commercial activity has four forms of income, which differ in function, financial significance, and total value. In the analysis, the main indicator of work productivity is balance sheet profit. When compiling a report, they use gross income, which is used to calculate taxable profit.

REFERENCE! The financial result, which is obtained at the end of a specific period, indicates the net income indicator in numbers.

Meaning

Profit has three main functions:

— shows the difference between expenses and income;

- activates reproduction;

— guarantees control of the company’s productivity.

Today the main sources of profit are:

- monopoly activity, which involves the production of unique goods or the provision of special services that are necessary for society to maintain optimal well-being;

- commercial activities that every company in the market engages in.

Taxable income

This concept refers to the market system of the Tax Code. According to it, taxable profit refers to the funds that remain from the total income received for the year after deducting from it revenues from which budget payments are not transferred. To calculate it, gross income is used, which is also equal to the balance sheet. The efficiency of the enterprise, which concerns rational costs, is characterized precisely by these revenues. Gross income shows the result of the enterprise's activities in financial terms from sales of goods/services, fixed assets and other property. The measurement of taxable profit occurs in the process of reducing gross income by the amount of revenue from which no deductions are made to the budget.

REFERENCE! Some benefits may be deducted during the settlement process, if any.

Conditions. The profit received by the organization can be expressed in cash or in kind. It can act as economic income if established in the Tax Code. Taxable profit is created if:

- income received in the form of money or property;

- the amount of income is subject to assessment;

— income is established in the rules of the Tax Code (Chapter 25).

All of the above rules must be established at the same time.

Documentation

All income of enterprises is reflected in the total amount of cash receipts (not taking into account expenses). This is done for tax purposes. Also, fees charged to consumers are deducted from them. Accounting for taxable profit occurs on the basis of accounting documentation, which includes:

— source documents that comply with standardized forms;

— invoices with the amounts of VAT paid;

— other papers (for example, reports and contracts).

Income and expenses

Let's talk about how exactly the two main quantities needed to calculate income tax are determined. Income refers to incoming funds from the company’s main line of business, that is:

• trade;
• provision of services of various nature;
• carrying out work ordered by clients.

In addition, funds received from additional sources are also considered income, that is:

• interest received on deposits;
• money for rental property, etc.

When determining the amount of tax collection, incoming income is accounted for without applying value added tax or excise taxes. Confirmation of income received is made by providing any payment papers, that is:

• receipts;
• checks;
• statements of accounts;
• an entry in the account book;
• marks in the electronic database, etc.

Expenses mean the company's funds spent on the production of a product, service or work, which have a basis and are also official. These include the following costs:

• employees' wages;
• the price of the resource from which the product is made, as well as equipment, etc.

In addition, non-production costs are also considered:

• litigation costs;
• payment of interest on loans.

It is possible to reduce income and the tax on it due to expenses only if you provide evidence of the expenses incurred. At the same time, confirmations include not only payment documents, but also the expediency of the payments made. If it was not economically viable to give away any amount of money, the expense is considered unconfirmed. Documents used as evidence must also be correctly executed in order to have the necessary legal force.

There is a list of expenses that are not taken into account to reduce the tax base. Thus, the following must be deducted from the “body” of income:

• transport costs;
• costs incurred during production;
• credit interest;
• payment for an advertising campaign;
• insurance;
• cost of research work;
• payments for staff training;
• money for the purchase of software and electronic databases.

But expenses of a completely different nature that are indirectly related to production are not deductible:

• monetary motivation for employees on the board of directors;
• monetary contributions for exceeding the threshold of emissions into the environment;
• various penalties;
• property purchased on credit;
• cash investments in the authorized capital of the company;
• economic costs;
• payment for legal services is higher than the established tariffs;
• payment of real estate loans for company employees;
• prepayment for any product or service;
• contributions to social funds of a voluntary nature;
• the price of the property transferred free of charge, as well as the costs associated with the transfer procedure;
• travel of company employees from their place of residence to work and back;
• pension supplements;
• purchasing vouchers for employees for the purpose of treatment or recreation;
• payment for rest of employees, which was not provided for by law;
• covering the costs of holding sports and cultural events;
• purchase of personal items;
• the price of a subscription to literature that is not related to the direction of production;
• organizing meals for employees.

Video – Income tax: income and expenses

Conditions

The financial benefit received by an enterprise can be expressed in kind or in monetary terms. It acts as economic income if it is established in the Tax Code. Taxable profit is formed if the income:

1. Received in the form of property or money.
2. Its size is subject to assessment.
3. It is established in the rules of Ch. 25 NK.

The above conditions must be met simultaneously.

Confession

Recognition of the units in question turning into profit occurs at certain points when a choice is made about the method of accrual. As we said at the beginning of the article, there are only two of them:

• cash method;
• accrual method.

Recognition of income and expenses occurs through the application of certain accrual methods

By the end of the current year, the company must make a choice which method is most preferable for it and inform the department of the tax service to which it belongs.

The nuances of each method are as follows. For cash accounting, accounting is carried out upon debiting or receipt of funds to the account, and not earlier than that moment. When tax payments are made, the marked dates are taken into account.

As for the accrual method, income is recorded directly when signing a contract or completing documents for work, and not when money “falls” into the account. The same goes for expenses. When a payment agreement is signed, then it is considered that the expenses have been incurred; no one will wait for the funds to be deducted.

Let's give an example. Your company rents premises, the next payment for which, according to documents, is made in the month of October, according to the invoice issued by the landlord. However, you intend to pay only in December. According to the accrual method, your company's accountant will record that the expense was made in October, since that is when the paper about the need to make it was received. With the cash method, the payment made on paper will correspond to the date of actual transfer of money, that is, December.

We remind you that every company that chooses it can use the accrual method. At the same time, for the cash method, there is a list of organizations that are prohibited from using it. These include:

• credit organizations;
• companies whose earnings over the last year did not exceed a million rubles.

Profit at a loss

Calculating profit when receiving a loss is a question that worries many entrepreneurs, because how to pay tax when no net profit was received.

We hasten to reassure you! If there was no profit, it is effectively zero. Consequently, when multiplied by the tax rate, a zero value is also formed, which means there is no need to pay tax. It is important to remember one thing here: in order to achieve exemption from tax payments in the event that the company receives financial losses, it is necessary to officially confirm the loss. To do this, you need to file a tax return, just like in the case of making a profit. For information on how to do this, read the article on zero reporting.

Let's take another look at how to calculate income taxes. Your company produces interior compositions. It is necessary to calculate the tax amount for the first three months of 2021, provided that:

• you received a bank loan for half a million rubles;
• sold compositions worth 1 million 180 thousand (including value added tax);
• spent 350 thousand on the purchase of production resources;
• paid employees a fee for work in the amount of 250 thousand;
• contributed money to insurance funds for 40 thousand;
• depreciation was made by 30 thousand;
• paid interest payments for a loan in the amount of 25 thousand;
• At the same time, they took into account the loss for the past four quarters, amounting to 120 thousand.

It turns out that for the first three months of 2021, your company’s expenses amounted to 695 thousand rubles (350,000+250,000+40,000+30,000+25,000).

Since the income received is indicated without taking into account value added tax, it will total exactly one million rubles, since 180,000 is 18% VAT, which is due to the state.

The amount of the loan cannot be taxed by law, therefore, it is not considered a tax base. It turns out that your company’s net profit for the first three months of 2021 was 1,000,000-695,000-120,000 = 185,000.

The tax will be calculated according to the formula already known to us: 185,000*20% = 37,000, of which 3% (5550) will go to the federal budget and 17% (31450) to the local budget.

What does it mean

Legal technique of the developers of the provisions of Art. 214.2 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation leaves much to be desired, since the article itself is practically unreadable, and its meaning eludes even certified economists and lawyers.

Perhaps this is precisely what explains the excitement surrounding the newly introduced article. In fact, there is nothing wrong with the new type of tax, and no one is going to levy a tax on every bank deposit in excess of 1 million rubles.

In order to explain the provisions of Art. 214.2 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, it will be necessary to translate its text into a language accessible to the vast majority of the population.

So, under the almost unreadable phrases lies the following meaning.

Starting from January 1, 2021, banks will transmit information about citizens’ deposits to the tax authorities. The tax authorities, in turn, will carry out a total calculation of all deposits of each individual citizen.

If the total amount of all deposits is more than one million rubles, then tax will be charged on the amount of income above the limit received by a citizen in the form of interest on deposits.

We will talk in detail about the method of determining the income limit below.

Let's sum it up

As you can see, not only a professional accountant, but also an ordinary person who does not have specific knowledge can cope with the procedure for calculating income tax. It must be remembered that the key to success is attentiveness. Use a calculator so as not to make mistakes in the calculations; if you do not understand any information, read this article carefully again, look at the Tax Code of the Russian Federation or ask a tax inspector for help. Remember, by knowing your rights and responsibilities as a taxpayer, you will avoid many problems with which the life of every citizen is inextricably linked. We wish you good luck in learning the intricacies of taxation and success in your work.

General characteristics of forms of income

The main goal of any enterprise engaged in commercial activities is to make a profit. Its size is of key importance when assessing the efficiency of a company. The volume of income has a direct connection with the quality of manufactured products. In any commercial activity, 4 forms of income are generated. They differ in functions, total size, and financial significance. Balance sheet profit is used as the main indicator of performance in the analysis. When preparing reports, gross income is used, on the basis of which taxable profit is calculated. The financial result obtained at the end of a certain period reflects the digital indicator of net income.